Ancient Greeces Obsession with Beauty Essay -- Ancient Greece Essays

Ancient Greece was one of the most important civilizations in the history of mankind. Ancient Greece spanned thousands of years, beginning in 1100 BC and deathing with the end of the Hellenistic period in 146 BC. Ancient Greece made more contributions to the late world, such as langu fester, politics, philosophy, science, art, architecture, beauty, and much more. Beauty now a eld is in most cases considered as how pretty something looks on the outside. Most citizenry these days look at outer beauty rather than inner(a) beauty. Beauty in past Greece is different than beauty now in many different ways. In ancient Greece, beauty can be defined in many things. Beauty in family, art, architecture, sculpture, and literature shows every(prenominal) the many definitions of beauty in ancient Greece. Family was important in ancient Greece. The ancient Greeks had a society of Patriarchy and Misogyny (Katz 71). Patriarchy is a society where the father had supreme authority ove r the family. Misogyny meant that the women were worthless. Women would usually get married at a very young age of around twelve to sixteen years old. Most women did not take for a choice of whom to marry and instead their father, uncle, or brformer(a) chose for her. The richer the muliebrity was the earlier she got married, but the poor woman got married at a bit higher age. They did not have the authority to do many things that men did. They were not able to go to the Olympics, the streets of the city, or even sometimes the marketplace. If they ever went anywhere they usually went to weddings and funerals and religious ceremonies, or to visit other women. Since they stayed in their crime syndicates for long periods of time they were usually in charge of the ho function when it comes to cleaning or or... ...aic Period, Archaic patriarchy and high sexual socialization in Classical Athens.Kats, Marilyn. Ideology and The Status of Women in Ancient Greece. write up and Theory, Beiheft 31 History and Feminist Theory. Vol. 31. Blackwell Publishing for Wesleyan University. 1992. 70-97. This chapter of the book focuses on the status of women in ancient Greece in comparison to the eighteenth through with(predicate) twentieth century.Levin, Saul. Love and the Hero of the Iliad. Transactions and Proceedings of the American philological Association. Vol. 80. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1949. 37-49.In this chapter it talks about the Iliad and what the Greeks point of view is over the Iliad.Plato. The fabrication of the Cave. This piece of literature is written by Plato and in it Plato explains through the use of many metaphors what it is to become the philosopher king.

Comparing the Treatment of Death in the Movie Antz and Antony and Cleop

Comparing the Treatment of Death in the Movie Antz and Antony and CleopatraAt initiative sight, Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra and the picture show Antz seem to reside little resemblance to each other. Not only does a clipping period of almost 400 years separate the publication of Antony and Cleopatra from the first base broadcast of Antz, but the very species of the characters differ as well. Yet, in the deuce stories the characters thoughts and actions are surprisingly similar, especially in regard to the thematic elements of warfare and death.Antony, the middle-aged Roman general in Antony and Cleopatra, and habitual Mandible, the unfeeling commandant in Antz, both share the opinion that the life of an individual soldier does not matter. Instead of trying to ensure the safety of their soldiers, they endanger them by taking great risks. Antony persists in fighting Caesar at sea although Enobarbus warns him that a fight at sea would mean to throw away the tyrannical sold iership he has by land and to give himself up merely to chance and hazard. Similarly, General Mandible declares war on the termite colony and remains indifferent when Cutter, one of the soldiers, objects that a battle against the termites is suicide. Antony and Cleopatra presents large-scale death in a more distant way than Antz. Shakespeares play does not support bloody war scenes displaying slain men. Death in Antony and Cleopatra retains a authorized nobleness and dignity because the audience does not see unpleasant moments of suffering nor disfigured war victims. Antz, by contrast, shows the brutality of war and the disfigured corpses of the ants and termites after the battle. Barbados, who saves Zs life during the battle, is dismembered -- at the neck -- by the ter... ...mes most appalling at the end when General Mandible, in a sudden runaway rage against Cutter, reveals his whole cruelty and shouts I am the colony.At first sight one might expect that in Antony and Cleo patra war would be the predominant theme, for the Romans are well-known as warriors throughout their early history. It whitethorn therefore be surprising to find that Shakespeares play focuses little on detailed battle scenes than Antz, especially since the latter is a childrens movie. But maybe the emphasis on war in the movie is not a contradiction to the fact that it is primarily intended for a very young audience. Are not the children of today the voters and politicians of tomorrow and would it not be beneficiary for the future of mankind if before agreeing to a war those voters and politicians reminded themselves of Barbados last words Think for yourself?

Export Strategy Belgian Chocolate Factory

T able-bodied of contents opening 1? evidenceation of the society 1. 1? History 1. 2? school of thought 1. 3? Organization 1. 4? The federations exertionivities 1. 5? Activities implicated by the tradeation 2? Macro economic abstract 2. 1? LE PEST C analysis 3? Export outline 3. 1? The earths of the compe precises pla interlockingary opening 3. 2? The accredited exporting system 4? Export abilities 4. 1? The export diagnosing 4. 1. 1? The exertion tool 4. 1. 2? The finance 4. 1. 3? The harvests 4. 2? Analysis of the German grocery store 4. 2. 1? The Four C model 4. 2. 2? Satisfyer 5? Dolfins get up analysis 5. 1. 1?Explanations of stand up 6? Recommendations 6. 1? Competition on the German food market 6. 2? Distri thoion problems 7? Conclusion 8? Bibliography 1? 2? 2? 2? 2? 3? 3? 5? 5? 7? 7? 8? 10? 10? 10? 10? 10? 11? 11? 13? 14? 14? 17? 17? 18? 19? 20? Introduction In this explanation, we wee-wee chosen to guard a give a counsel Dolfin, a Belgian fraterni ty that has been producing fullflavoured umber bar since 1989. We exit be analysing the exports of Dolfin, which straighta age is exporting to 22 countries slightly the world. The purpose of this report is to make an export audit in lodge to check if the order meets the necessary requirements.The main objective of this report is to build a machinate analysis regarding the export of the company in establish to propose growth strategies coupled to it. In parliamentary law to do so, we deplete divided our hammer into 5 parts introductory an analysis of the company, secondly we allow for nidus on the planetary environment of Dolfin. afterward that we will move on to its export system before dieing its export abilities. Fin two(prenominal)y, we will decompose Dolfins wariness of international operations in ball club to cogitate with recommendations.The country we prevail chosen to explore is Germany, graduati scarce because it is unitary of the biggest consu mers of drinking coffee tree in the world1, and secondly because recently Dolfin has faced some issues in order to export to this country. Besi stilbesterol, Germany is Dolfins main exporting country. PONTILLON, J. ,( coordinateur), cacao et chocolat work, utilisation, caracteristiques, genus genus Paris , Editions TEC et DOC, 1998, p25. 1 ? 1 1 Presentation of the company 1. 1 History two Belgian br early(a)s Michael and Jean-Francois Poncelet who decided to follow in their racyhers footsteps, created Dolfin in 1989.Both of them grew up with a fascination for the process of making deep brown. 2 Al fashions chuck outing in mind this craftsmans approach, forcing the tool to meet the demands of character reference, or else than the opposite way around, the sales have been rising steadily, amounting to 220 tonnes in the class 2000. The top-of-the- range bars and Neapolitan burnt umber squ ars be like a shot on toiletister in prestigious emporiums such as Selfridg es in London, La Grande Epicerie in Paris, the KDW in Berlin and the Sony Plaza in Tokyo. 3 1. 2 Philosophy4 For the overwhelm coffee berry makers of Dolfin, cocoa is a passion.They d atomic number 18 to create the or so unheralded combinations, to invent the subtlest harmonies, searching as a team for the finest ingredients selected from the best that temperament offers. Their chocolate coverings ar made of exclusive recipes, constant in case and taste. Dolfin in any case offers a wide range of chocolate, from 32% cocoa in take out chocolate to 88% in the bitterest. Containing less sugar, less fat and to a neater extent than cocoa than traditional recipes, Dolfins products concentrate the nutritional and curative qualities of chocolate. Simple and authentic, chocolate is stored naturally for a long time ( unitary stratum without any preserving agent). 1. Organization Dolfin is a Belgian private limited company with a turnover of 3. 000. 000 and a net realize of 429 . 237 in 20085. terra firma WIDE CHOCOLATE, Dolfin chocolates and chocolate bars, universal resource locator conduct http//www. worldwidechocolate. com/shop_dolfin. html (viewed 16th November 2009). 3 Dolfin Dark chocolate, universal resource locator bring inress http//www. finedarkchocolate. com/ cocoa/Dolfin/index. asp viper (viewed 16th November 2009). 4 DOLFIN, Philosophie, URL address http//dolfin. be/index. php? lang=En=philosophie (viewed the 16th November 2009).? 5 field BANK OF BELGIUM, Comptes annuels en euro, 2008, 18p. , URL address http//banquenationale. e/pub/ (viewed the twentieth November 2009) 2 ? 2 Organization chart General chocolates Company safekeeping Dolfin S. A. 5 Shargonholders JJ. de Gruben Administration Finance Marketing R Production leveraging forest Sales department 1 soulfulness 1 person 2 persons 12-15 pers. 1. 4 The companys activities The main activities of the company argon Gourmet squares with personalised publicity The original mili tary action of Dolfin is to make chocolate bars for companies with a personalised advancement in order to be utilize as gifts or as advertisement. Nowadays, even though this employment has decreased, it still represents 25% of the turnover.As a small company, Dolfin is to a greater extent malleable and can offer tailor made products. The Dolfin chocolate range offers chocolate bars of 30 and 70 grams, Gourmet squares, chocolate flakes and dark chocolate petals with flowers, Jacqmotte coffee chocolate bars. Tohi make this fresh Dolfins brand created in September 2008, is fundamental certified (controlled by Certisys) and bazaar trade (controlled by Max Havelaar). 1. 5 Activities misgivinged by the exportation ? 3 Dolfin chocolate bars are exported in more than 22 countries, often in specialised delicatessen .It is considered as fine chocolate, and it is sold in the some luxurious and prestigious place in trend denounceters cities such as Paris (Lafayette), London, New Y ork, Berlin The Tohi brand is just exported in health provender shops to make genuine people trust the brand before marketing it in other shops. ? 4 2 Macro economic analysis 2. 1 LE PEST C analysis In order to chthonianstand clearly the environment in which our organisation clobbers, its in-chief(postnominal) to make a LE PEST C Analysis. This one sees Dolfin to adapt its strategy to each precise market taking key out of the external environment. Legal aspects There are 3 specific laws and normsThe HACCP norms in Belgium (Hazard Analyses Critical Control Points) regulate the tonus of food sedulousness products by preventing, managing and controlling the achievement chain6. The ISO 22000 specifies requirements for a food safety trouble system where an organization in the food chain look ats to indicate its ability to control food safety hazards in order to stop that food is safe at the time of human consumption. 7 This norm is applicable to all organizations, rega rdless of the size, which are involved in any aspect of the food chain and compulsion to implement systems that consistently render safe products. European Directive The labelling and the video display of chocolate and cocoa products are regulated by the E. C ( removeive 2003/13/EC and 2000/36/EC). On a global view, pre-packed foodstuffs (to be delivered to the final consumers) mustiness comply with compulsory standards on labelling and advertising. On the packaging must appear the name under which product is sold a list of ingredients the potential allergens the durability get out the conditions for keeping the place of origin FOULON L. , Hygiene et technologie de chocolaterie, Bruxelles, CERIA, syllabus, 2009-2010, p. external Organization for Standardization, URL address http//www. iso. org/iso/catalogue_detail? csnumber=35466 (viewed the 02nd of November 2009). 8 Idem 7 6 ? 5 Each of these indications must be written in an easily understood expression (official langu age of the country of marketing), oddly for the chocolate or cocoa derivatives, we should too keep an eye on if in that respect is a use of vegetable fats9. Ecological With the growing concern more or less the environment, Dolfin has to take into account various environmental pressures.For several geezerhood now, it decided to cut its greenhouse gasses emissions and has become the first sluggish vitamin C chocolate accompanimentory in Belgium. Moreover, a set of specific sensibles are now forbidden and companies have to adapt. Due to that, Dolfin has made contracts with some firms specialised in ecological packaging. Political The political stability and the sizable birth between Belgium and Germany are crucial. Economical Globally, Germans are scared of the inflation level10. The firmament is dependent on cocoa which is quoted on the stock exchange market and really sensitive to speculation.Moreover, its a seasonal product and there is a slack period from March to J une. Sociocultural here is a growing concern for several years with healthy food and fleshiness which can lead to a change in food habits and the need of specific products (less sugar, more cocoa). Technological For all new-fashioned projects, Dolfin has to think about environmental pressures. Competitivity The competition in the sector is tough. Dolfin is a mid-upscale product and have to compete with multinational companies and other upscale product.Furthermore, in this sector, the competition is all the more intensive as products can be easily imitated. After launched a new one, competitors can assume the recipe without difficulty. ?EUROPA, Etiquetage, presentation et publicite des denrees alimentaires, URL address http//europa. eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/product_labelling_and_packaging/l21090_fr. htm, (viewed 1st November) 10 GERMAN CULTURE, Germany in the World Economy, URL address http//www. germanculture. com. ua/library/facts/bl_germany_world_economy. htm (view ed on the 15th of November).? 9 ? 6 3 Export strategy 3. The reasons of the companys international opening Dolfin didnt really aspire to export in the set out exactly it came out as a favourable solution. On the one hand, the brand (Dolfin and Tohi) can keep their own shops in Belgium in order to boost the sales and to improve the brand awareness among potential new nodes. On the other hand, Dolfin can export its products on the international market, which appeared to be the best solution because Belgian chocolate has a worldwide sound reputation abroad. The three main countries where Dolfin is exporting are Germany, France and the United States of America.As explained before we have decided to focalisation on the German market. To rede the situation we will first have a look at the evolution and how they penetrated the market in 2001. In 2001, at the Ism exquisite (one of the most here and nowant fairs for chocolate makers) in Germany, German importers showed divert to i mport the companys products. We could say that Dolfin did non really have a strategy presenty for that. They decided to export in order to punish this demand. They started with 2 distri merelyors Feinkost (confectionery) and Suesswaren (delicatessen). They had exclusive contracts with these 2 distributors.By 2005, according to Nathalie Trachte, one of the administrators of Dolfin, the interest for quality food in Germany is increase. This essence they prefer to pay more for high quality chocolate bars than eating a grand quantity of bulk chocolate. By that time, Dolfin realised they had no commercial strategy in Germany and that they had very(prenominal) few market shares. In 2006, the turnover of the German exportations dropped off by 15%. The reasons are first, because both distributors became competitors secondly, it was due to the increasing number of new chocolate products on the German market. 1 In 2008, despite the crisis, the footing of raw materials and the cultural fear for inflation in Germany, the exportations remained at a certain level. Moreover specialised shops decided to way on bestsellers like Dolfin. However, the turnover kept on decreasing. In 2009, because of the very long summer, the season started a bit later. 11 Belcolade Conference, Salon de Paris 2009 (14th 18th October 2009) ? 7 Belgian export to Germany (code SH18- cacao)12 (M ) Chocolate and Cocoa summation export 2002 202,87 2003 199,60 2004 217,878 2005 240,18 2006 249,03 2007 278,49 2008 281,42 9. 402,07 31. 067,38 34. 037,69 35. 271,04 38. 451,03 38. 727,10 42. 605,73 This graph demonstrates an evolution in the Belgian exports of chocolate and cacao towards Germany between 2002 and 2008. This represents an increase of about 38% in 6 years. This means that Dolfin is acting in a growing market and that there are still opportunities to seize. 3. 2 The current exporting strategy Dolfin started to rethink the way it was exporting to Germany. In 2007, they decided to use t he 5 Ps theory Product launching new products and combining new flavours. legal injury the price is higher than other standard chocolates as they sell quality products. However, it is not as expensive as premium chocolate. They didnt want to change the price as they consider it as a fair one for a mid-upscale product. As we are talking about a niche product, changing the price wouldnt be a worthy action to take. Communication by mail with Mrs Stas Marie, Service Evaluation et Strategie, Agence Wallonne a lExportation et aux Investissements Etrangers, 3/11/09 ? 12 ? 8 Place Dolfin started to look for fitted places for their products in order to create a luxury, exclusive image.They decided to work with besides one of the 2 distributors. Promotion Dolfin decided to advertise, to promote, to organize tastings in shops, releasing more press articles, etc People the question was are they on the job(p) with the right people and do they know them enough? As a response they increa sed the number of visits to distributors. In a nutshell, Dolfin is using direct exports selling its products straight to distributors. ? 9 4 Export abilities 4. 1 The export diagnosis 4. 1. 1 The production tool The production capacity Dolfin exports straight off 85% of its total production out of the Belgian territory.However, its tho using half of its production capacity. The production adaptability Each exporting market has its own demand specificities and likings, thats wherefore Dolfin pays special attention to analyze the product and make sure it will be suitable for most of the export markets. 4. 1. 2 The finance Dolfin gets its money mainly from the shareholders. They get subsidies from AWEX for the set up of the website, transfer for fairs, stands, catalogues, etc. Dolfin doesnt invest a lot in investigation. They actually wait for potential nodes to come to them. 4. 1. 3 The products The Bio-physical feature filmChocolate has 6 main enemies humidity, temperature shoc ks, too high temperature, light, insects and smells The transport should also prevent strong smells to reach the chocolate because the cocoa butter is very sensitive to the smells. Chocolate is a perishable commodity with an average life story time exhalation from 12 to 18 months (depending on the flavours). Therefore, it is congenital to assure, on the one hand, a quick transportation and, and on the other hand, good transport conditions to hamper the chocolate to become white if the temperature is not suitable. The restrictive criterionChocolate being an alimentary product, several norms and regulations are in use worldwide. As seen before, in Belgium we have the HACCP norms and companies also apply the ISO 22000 along with the European directives. ? 10 4. 2 Analysis of the German market 4. 2. 1 The Four C framework From the mid nineties to the late nineties, Germany was considered as a mass market as well as a very compressed price market. Indeed the Germans were known to be big consumers of milk chocolate buying low quality chocolate. However, in the late nineties, beginning of 2000, interest for quality increased and Germany became a novice market.That is when Dolfin entered the German market. Marketing is a system for identifying and satisfying customer demand and wantsprofitably 13. In order to do so, businesses have got to be customer oriented, which means they have to think in their point of view. In fact, the quartet P framework we analyzed previously will be now converted into Cs Product = Customer Solution Quality products are of great interest as well as radical certified products as it is a growing trend. Design and packaging of Dolfins products are photogenic to target audience and they are original. For the packaging, they respect the European directives concerning languages that must appear on the label. Indeed, in the case of Germany, customers can read the ingredients and other type of information in German, but also in French, En glish and Dutch. Doing this, Dolfin can use the same packaging for Belgium or other countries where these languages are spoken. 59% are hard-core to their brand14. Price = Customer cherish Does price matter? For some, absolutely Germans are the most price-conscious chocolate buyers (35%)15. precisely Dolfin suits its prices to the audience it targets, so there is no changeTLATLI F. , Behaviors of the actors of the market, Bruxelles, ICHEC, slides 2009-2010. BARRY CALLEBAUT, Survey, 2008, URL address http//www. barrycallebaut. com/56? group=,year=,lang=en,keyword=,page=1,release =4072,read=en (viewed 15th November) 15 idem 14 13 ? 11 needed regarding this. Furthermore, according to Nathalie Trachte the costs related to the chocolate production dont enable them to lower their price. 16 Regarding the payments, they act different towards European and non-European customers. Indeed, customers inside Europe like Germany have to pay the first 5 orders in advance.After this period t heyll get 30 days credit for each order. If the customer doesnt pay after those 30 days, Dolfin wont accept any order from them. Outside Europe, some other policy is applied in order to hedge risks. They wont deliver products, unless they have received the counter-part and this for each order. Nathalie Trachte also pointed out the fact that prices or payments negotiations are difficult and long but once they are achieved, they do not discuss them again. Place = Convenience In Germany, Dolfin sells its products through and through different channels.The company is represented in small specialized shops but also in high class supermarkets. Their geographical coverage is very large. Indeed, you can define Dolfins Chocolates almost everywhere but only in luxurious places. This is very important for the image of the brand. In Germany you find them next to competitors such as Domori, Valrhona, etc. Concerning the transport of the goods, they use the Inco scathe Ex Works, which mean s that the seller, in this case Dolfin, puts the goods at the disposal of the buyer in his accommodations17. As seen previously, the transport has to take into account the bio-physical characteristics of chocolate.Futhermore, we will analyze the reason of this choice in the fig out analysis. Promotion + PEOPLE = communication They especially emphasize on this concept. Indeed, satisfied customer is the best advertising. In terms of Ps, promotion and especially people are of great greatness since they allow Dolfin to establish a good dialogue between both their suppliers and customers. As analyzed previously, due to the crisis the company had to review its strategy and in order to do so, they focused their attention on communication. This permits Dolfin to be proximate to their distributors and hence their customers. individualised interview with Nathalie Trachte, Administrator and Marketing responsible, Dolfin, Bruxelles, Belgium, 27th October 2009.? 17 HEINEN M-L. , Managing Int ernational Operations, Bruxelles, ICHEC, slides 2009-2010, p. 39.?? 16 ? 12 4. 2. 2 Satisfyer Dolfin has to know how to develop its customers satisfaction. They are looking for global satisfaction to have total happiness. Because it is not only at the point of sales, but most of all while consume the product that the customer becomes satisfied, Dolfin is concentrating its efforts on the intangible elements, the most important part of satisfaction.Indeed, for them, launching new quality products with original recipes is important but not only they also have to invent other elements around that product in order to differentiate it from the competition with the aim to bring customers satisfaction. Within this concept of intangible elements, we distinguish the basic ones and the high-powered ones. As regards Dolfins basic intangible, quality is of great importance. Thats why, they stress on good services and constant quality to deliver what they promised to the customer.To ensure that , Dolfins production methods conform to the strictest and most up-to-date standards of quality and cleanliness. whizz of the priorities of Dolfin is not only to make sure ingredients come from considered and concerned sources, but also to stay up-to-date in respect to the environment. In fact, Dolfin became the first CO2-neutral Belgian chocolate maker. Related to that quality, Dolfin is trying to create continuity. Indeed, focused on the future, they have to make sure the customer will remain loyal to them. To do so, they are also trying to launch and deliver their new creations on time as well on the market as to the customers.This can only work if Dolfin can trust its customers, but also it has to have good relationships inside and outside the company. Inside the company, everybody knows each other as they are only 15. Outside the company, they are working with suppliers and distributors they have known for a long time. For the dynamic intangible, we can say that it is a prestig e product for which the customer knows he will spend more money than for a standard chocolate, but in exchange, he gets a good feeling eating it. ? 13 5 Dolfins SWOT analysis Strengths Weaknesses constitutional and Fair-trade Brand Max Havelaar &038 Organic? ifferent production schedules Organic farming certified Packaging language, experience, resistance and traceability Respect of sanitary rules A. F. S. C. A No allergens contained (targets wider audience) Small company straightaway decision making Present in trendsetter cities No intermediaries (closer to customer) Tastings, workshops, exhibitions in shops Production capacity not full used Not in constitute of the transport (Ex Works) CO2 neutral ? more controls (Max Havelaar) Low financial backup Not in charge of the transport (Ex Works)Opportunities Few competition for Belgian organic chocolate suppuration demand for fine dark chocolate in Germany18 Good reputation of Belgian chocolate19 Threats Cocoa is quoted on the stock exchange Profit linked to cash flow likement Competitive market Copying of packaging and recipes Seasonal product World wide economical crisis 5. 1. 1 Explanations of SWOT Since some of the elements were not seen before or could be misunderstood, we would like to add more information. STIGSET M. , German Chocolate Market Is Saturated, Association Head Says, URL address http//www. loomberg. com/apps/news? pelvic inflammatory disease=20601100=aosOXeX9FzD4=germany (viewed 17th November 2009) 19 MERCIER, J. , la tentation du chocolat, Belgique, Editions Racines, 2007, p82-101. 18 ? 14 Strength Their packaging is the same for Belgium as for Germany because it is written in 4 languages. Besides, the experience in packaging is due to their first activity in the chocolate business, in which they were making private label range products with Dolfin chocolate in it. They are very conscientious regarding traceability. Therefore, every packaging has a batch on it. W ithin their new export strategy, they focus on the promotional aspect. Indeed, Dolfin organises tastings, workshops to attract the customer in an original way. The production capacity not being fully used, the company could increase the production without spending too much money on new machinery. Consequently, the company could raise its production capacity very quickly and respond faster than competitors to an order. In most cases, Dolfin doesnt organize the transport. They use the Incoterms Ex Works. This allows them to focus on their production and not on transport issues.Besides, their customers (importers) are used to transport and know better how to do it. Nevertheless, Dolfin sometimes recommends a transport company to its customers. In 2008, Dolfin took the initiative to reduce its emissions of CO2 by 15%. Moreover, they took part in a project in Rajasthan to offset their rest CO2 emissions20. That way, Dolfin became the first CO2 neutral company of Belgium. Weaknesses Having an organic and fair-trade brand does include some disadvantages. Firstly, the production schedule will have to be modified in order to prevent contamination between both conventional and organic production.Secondly, Max Havelaar (fair trade) and Certisys21 (organic) check the production to make sure it is worth its organic and fair-trade certification. The disadvantage of an Ex Works system is that customers may want a full service. However, Dolfin sometimes makes exceptions for some customers. Opportunities There is a growing demand for higher-quality dark chocolate in Germany22. Germans are bonnie connoisseur and prefer quality. DOLFIN, Environnement, URL address http//dolfin. be/index. php? lang=En=philosophie (viewed the twentieth November 2009).. 1 CERTISYS, Organic Guarantee Certisys, URL address http//www. tohi. be/En/home. php? lang=En (viewed the 16th of November). 22 STIGSET M. , op. cit. , p. 12 20 ? 15 Threats The cocoa is quoted on the stock exchange in P ounds per ton. This means this raw material is very sensitive to speculations. Furthermore, the production of cocoa depends on the weather, the climate previsions (droughts, floods, plants diseases) but also the political situation in the producing countries. 23 In step-up to that, other raw materials are also quoted (milk powder, sugar ). As regards the profit of the company, it is inked to the purchase of raw materials because the cocoa price is very volatile. Unfortunately, a price increase cannot fully be rejected on the client, and the company has to bear the burden of this problematic situation. A good cash flow management is of great importance. It is capital to get paid from customers before paying suppliers. Therefore, Dolfin has to manage well its purchases and sales cycles they need to have a positive net working capital. In the chocolate sector, we observe a lot of copy of both the packaging and recipes. Indeed, during fairs for example, it is common to spy on the com petition.Therefore, industrial companies copy the ideas of smaller chocolate makers. Recently, because of the crisis, the bankruptcy of a big customer has consequences on the financial situation of Dolfin. 23 PONTILLON J. , op. cit. , p. 1.? ? 16 6 Recommendations In order to propose recommendations, it is of interest to analyze the history of the current export strategy of Dolfin. We have seen that in 2001 Dolfin started to export to Germany on the demand of two German importers. In fact, Dolfin didnt plan to export at that time and they didnt develop any export strategy in order to do so.They just did it, and, until 2007, business went good sales and turnover increased every year. But in 2007 things went on differently. Dolfin started to loose market shares, and business didnt go on better in 2008. Starting from that point, we are going to build our recommendations. By interviewing Nathalie Trachte, administrator and manager of the marketing department of Dolfin, we tried to fi nd out the reasons of the current situation. Out of the discussion appeared two essential facts the competition on the German market has strongly increased and Dolfin is liner distribution problems. . 1 Competition on the German market As developed previously in the cross-cultural analysis, we have to think and act in terms of customer solution and not the other way around. Recent surveys of Barry-Callebaut24 reveal some figures about the German chocolate consumers. Here are some interesting conclusions 60% prefers milk chocolate only 37% consumes dark chocolate (less than all other Europeans) German consumers are especially keen on change 25% of German chocolate lovers surveyed regularly try different types and flavours.Among a trend towards premium chocolate, original, organic and fair trade chocolates are becoming increasingly popular. To be able to offer customer solutions to the German consumers, we would recommend to increase the amount of milk chocolate products it offer s. For example, currently, only 5 out of the 17 flavours of the chocolate bars of 70 grams are made with milk chocolate. to develop the marketing around Tohi. Indeed, as fair trade and organic food become more popular on the German market, we shall respond to this demand. This should be done through smart advertising.As we noticed before, Germans are sensitive to good quality products and keen to change 24 BARRY CALLEBAUT, op. cit. , p. 11 ? 17 as mentioned above. Therefore, it is of great importance to increase the customers awareness regarding the combination of quality organic- and fair trade, with a particular stress on the quality of Tohis product. With these 2 recommendations we hope to respond to the problem concerning the increase in competition. 6. 2 Distribution problems To address the second problem relating to the distribution, we shall focus on ommunication We think that frequent meetings between distributors and Dolfins employees would improve the established dialo gue. Indeed, by doing this, they can share the knowledge concerning Dolfin range of products, and also the philosophy and strategy of the company. This would be particularly interesting when new creations are launched. This enables Dolfin to have a more coherent strategy and to achieve cohesion between Dolfin, distributors and customers. This way, the message the company is sending will be understood the right way. This might take time and money to be implemented, but it is worth a try.lets now focus on possible openings First, hotel-catering trade (Horeca) is an attractive sector. In Belgium, the company has a partnership with le pain quotidien. We mean it would be interesting to seek for similar cooperation in Germany. Secondly, since chocolate sales are high during specific events such as Christmas, birthdays, Saint Valentine days, mothers/fathers days, etc They should develop new/original ideas in order to respond to this demand. Thats why we came up with the idea that a packag e including flowers and chocolate could satisfy the specific demand during those special days.However, it is important to point out that it would be a difficult business to develop since laws and norms concerning foodstuffs are very strict. Finally, as the e-business is scatter all around the world, we thought Dolfin should develop a new strategy regarding this. On the one hand, it would enable the company to reach new customers and on the other hand, it allows being closer to their already loyal distributors/customers. Nevertheless, this implies hiring new employees who can manage properly both businesses and the creation of a new department.In addition to that, it is difficult, through the web, to be close to their clients and to establish a good communication. ? 18 7 Conclusion We have reached the end of our analysis and it is now time for us to conclude the work. Firstly, we want to thank Nathalie Trachte for her devotion and vital information. By doing this paper weve learned to think in terms of international market and export. Weve encountered 2 main problems during this assignment the distribution and the competition on the German market. In order to tackle these, we have relied on the SWOT-analysis which we have built up, in order to develop recommendations.We do hope these will be suitable for Dolfin. For each of the 2 problems, we have tried to find possible solutions. In addition to that, we have also intended to be more creative, considering other possible market openings. Nevertheless, we have to bear in mind the fact that we are not professionals with an experienced background and we may have forgotten to take some aspects into account for the analysis. Furthermore, to make a relevant export audit, more time and more information, especially regarding the German market, would be required. ? 19 8 Bibliography 8. 1 Books FOULON L. Hygiene et technologie de chocolaterie, Bruxelles, CERIA, syllabus, 2009-2010, 35p. MERCIER, J. , la tentation du c hocolat, Belgique, Editions Racines, 2007, 240p. PONTILLON, J. , Cacao et chocolat production, utilisation, caracteristiques, Paris, Editions TEC et DOC, 1998, 638p. 8. 2 Websites BARRY CALLEBAUT, Survey, 2008, URL address http//www. barrycallebaut. com/56? group=,year=,lang=en,keyword=,page=1,release=4072,read=en (viewed 15th November) CERTISYS, Organic Guarantee Certisys, URL address http//www. tohi. be/En/home. php? lang=En (viewed the 16th of November). Dolfin Dark chocolate, URL address http//www. finedarkchocolate. com/Chocolate/Dolfin/index. asp (viewed 16th November 2009). DOLFIN, Philosophie, URL address http//dolfin. be/index. php? lang=En=philosophie (viewed the 16th November 2009). EUROPA, Etiquetage, presentation et publicite des denrees alimentaires, URL address http//europa. eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/product_labelling_and_packag ing/l210 90_fr. htm, (viewed 1st November) GERMAN CULTURE, Germany in the World Economy, URL address http//www. germancult ure. com. ua/library/facts/bl_germany_world_economy. htm (viewed on the 15th of November). International Organization for Standardization, URL address http//www. iso. org/iso/catalogue_detail? csnumber=35466 (viewed the 02nd of November 2009). ? 20 NATIONAL BANK OF BELGIUM, Comptes annuels en euro, 2008, 18p. , URL address http//banquenationale. be/pub/ (viewed the 20th November 2009) STIGSET M. , German Chocolate Market Is Saturated, Association Head Says, URL address http//www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? pid=20601100&038sid=aosOXeX9FzD4&038refer=german y (viewed 17th November 2009) WORLD WIDE CHOCOLATE, Dolfin chocolates and chocolate bars, URL address http//www. worldwidechocolate. om/shop_dolfin. html (viewed 16th November 2009) 8. 3 Interview Personal interview with Nathalie Trachte, Administrator and Marketing responsible, Dolfin, Bruxelles, Belgium, 27th October 2009. 8. 4 Others Belcolade Conference, Salon de Paris 2009 (14th 18th October 2009) Communication by mail with Mrs Stas Marie, Service Evaluation et Strategie, Agence Wallonne a lExportation et aux Investissements Etrangers, 3/11/09 HEINEN M-L. , Managing International Operations, Bruxelles, ICHEC, slides 2009-2010, p. 39 TLATLI F. , Behaviors of the actors of the market, Bruxelles, ICHEC, slides 2009-2010 ?

‘Popular’ Music

democratic symphony is the broadest and as the name would suggest most common genre of unison today. The term fashionable Music was first used in the 19th coulomb notwithstanding it is the twentieth century that has seen the most developments in knock downular medicine. , the engineering it uses and the media it is conveyed in The start of Pop Music is gener bothy thought to have been in the 1950s with the advent of Rock n Roll. This is when music was first really brought to a galvanic pile listening watching on television.By the block up of the 1950s everywhere half the population owned a television. Millions more than at the start of the decade. Popular bands were made popular because they were being brought to the masses. The 1960s saw a broadening in popular music with TV shows much(prenominal) as Top of The Pops showing a natural selection of hits from the top 40 of the singles graph. This use of the media brought most styles of music that were popular to a mass a udience. Later in the 1970s and 80s pop magazines were introduced. Some such(prenominal) as Smash Hits were aimed at the younger early teen end of the market while others such as NME or New melodic Express were aimed at older more refined music fans to popular music. The after-hours 1980s saw a flurry of new popular music magazines, some of which ar un beneficialed popular today, rock magazine Kerrang being a leading example. I opine that the 1990s has seen a dumbing-down of some magazines such as Smash Hits . Now aimed at an even younger possibly pre-teen audience it is little more than a promotional vehicle for the groups and artists represented in its pages.The featured groups in these magazines are often from a new sub-genre that has highly-developed from the 1980s to forthwith and is k nown as the manufactured band. In recent days the idea of manufactured bands or artists has been embraced into the reality TV format with shows such as Pop Idol showing the development o f a band or artist live on TV. I believe this innovation has been wondering(a) for music in general as the top 40 chart is now flooded with either reality TV winners, reality TV losers or artists who have gone through a similar ferment but have not been televised in doing so.In recent long time music television has risen to the fore as a major(ip) part of an artists success. When MTV was launched in the early 80s who could have thought that the music motion-picture show would be infer the phenomenon it now is. Artists spend millions of pounds and hundreds of hours making sure their video is unsloped right. In the early 21st century there are now over 20 music channels showing every social occasion from rock to rap, from classical to teen pop. heretofore forthwith all artists videos are so good that the music video seems to have gone wide-eyed circle and now the music is more important again.In the pop music industry there have been thousands of innovations over the years but no genre has surpassed the sub genre of rap for innovative ideas. Originating from route corners where young black males would battle against each other using lyrics rap is now a multi-billion pound industry with the leading players earning vast fortunes. Rap has sure as shooting follow a long mien since its humble beginnings. The 1980s were a considerable decade of innovation for rap, a genre that had begun in the 70s. the start of the 80s rappers were still using manual mixers to combine beats and mix tracks in the way that has become a hallmark of rap. By 1990 rappers were using digital mixers to endure beats more harmoniously. The result a more clear-cut sound that has peradventure made rap the music of the 90s. Pop music has come a long way since it begun in the 1950s. Technology and the media have perhaps had as larger part in pop musics success than the music itself. However I believe the media has become too involved nowadays by creating stars themselves while not pl aying other artists music. aft(prenominal) all popular music should be active the music not making things popular. However there is one dark cloud that looms over the organisations that run the music industry such as record labels and the media. The Internet. Technology has now come so far that music files can now be swapped over the Internet through such software such as Napster or Kazaa. Now when a teenager hears a song he or she likes on the radio they dont rush to the record store. They rush to their computer. It is not salutary now teenagers either. Millions of adults indulge in this type of music piracy every day. so far though they are ripping off the very artists they love. I believe however that the problem is not with the designers of Kazaa or with the multitude who are downloading it. After all millions of people use these services, law abiding ordinary people. The close for this I believe is because people see record companies as bigger faceless corporations who do nt really care about music or people, just making money. I think it is the music companies responsibility to stop people using these ways of obtaining music by making popular music mor about music and less about money.

Macbeth analysis

From the examples provided, it is clear that Macbeth is more male than women, however, he is constantly controlled by them. By representing the idea of masculinity as radically, Shakespeare is able to show the strengths and limitations of a decrepit society. Initially in the play, Shakespeare introduces the idea of masculinity by creating a sanitary link surrounded by the concepts Of masculinity and cruelty. In the beginning, the idea of masculinity is think to endless aggression and ruthlessness.When Lady Macbeth plans to murder the king of Scotland, she encourages herself by motto Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsexes me here And fill me from the big top to the walk topsoil Of direst cruelty (I. V. 39-42) This quote reveals that Lady Macbeth is driven by her ambition and is willing change her gender in order to pass courage to murder the king, video display that the Jacobean audience viewed males as the precisely gender that is capable of performing ev il acts and being physically strong.By victimization metaphorical language such as unsexes, Shakespeare shows the clear link between masculinity and cruelty, implying that the two ideas are connected and resemble each other. As the story progresses, Macbeth and Lady Machetes traditional understanding of masculinity eventually leads to semipolitical chaos. In edition, Lady Machetes sinful wish to fill me from the crown to the toe topsoil of direst cruelty opposes the characteristics of a typical gentle and obedient wife of the Jacobean era.By using figurative language such as crown, Shakespeare illustrates a sense of royalty, which shows Lady Machetes strong aspiration to become queen. Through showing Lady Machetes inner desires, the author is able to challenge conventional ideas and channelize that female characters are also able to become the source of evil. Overall, the ideas of masculinity and cruelty are strongly connected in the ginning of the book, and by adding masculine tr aits to a female character, Shakespeare is able to challenge the conventional ideas of gender roles in a society. Unrestrained masculinity Will lead to chaos and distemper in the society. As the story progresses, Macbeth constantly desires to prove his manliness. His craving for ferocity intensifies as he heartlessly murders Banquet and Macadams family. Undoubtedly, Macbeth, the man that none of charr born/ Shall harm (IV. I. 7980), is the standard example of the initial explanation of masculinity, a man who ruthlessly murders without guilt. Similar to the itches prophecies, femininity no lifelong influences him.

Drug Testing Law

Laws for the test of employees or job applicants for do medicates or alcohol pace have evoked the consciousness of many since its inception in 1986 when prexy Ronald Reagan signed an Executive Order 12564, that prohibited every federal official employees to abstain themselves from using illegal medicates, as a condition of federal employment. And and so two years later, Congress passed the dose-Free Work array Act of 1988 which created federal Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace medicate Testing which was applied to decision maker agencies of the federal government, the uniformed services, and contractors or service providers under contract with the federal government.Although this Act was only applied to Federal governments yet states and Local Governments add uped the suit. thither is no doubt of the fact that Drug and Alcohol abuse by employees creates loss of billions of dollars each year and gives a great set linchpin to the economy as a whole yet from the em ployees point of believe it is a sheer violation of their personal sounds, and its misuse is a get to of humiliation to several prospective employees. It is clean-living certificate of indebtedness of the employers to check the jeopardise of drug edicts in the work place continue this moral policing disrupts Kants theology of Categorical imperative.Internationally, the of drug interrogation in work place is covered in a Universal Declaration of Human Rights, obligate 12 whereby it is declared that No one should be subjected to arbitrary onus with his screen.The 1996 ILO Code of Practice on Management of alcohol and drug-related turn ups declares that the testing should be undertaken in accordance to national jurisprudences and practice.The Guiding Principles of this testing, which is mentioned in the make up V of the Code of Practice, clearly emphasis on workers rights, employers rights, public rights and mortal rights.Infact even in 2003, the International Labor Org anization reported that , Drug testing in the workplace is an issue beset with technical, legal and respectable controversies.(Legal Testing In Work Place, croak Change On Tuesday, thirty-first October 2006.)Even the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950 to guarantees the right to privacy, except in the interest of national security, public safety or the economic well- beingness of the country, for the prevention of disorder and crime, for the protection of health and morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others .In the European Union, In the European Directive 89/391/ europium on the introduction of encouraging in improvements in the safety and health of workers at work, applies according to Article 6 that the employer have a duty ensuring the safety and health of workers in every aspect related to the work, with Art.6(5) exonerating the workers from indebtedness for financial cost.Even in Artical 11 states that Employers shall consult worke rs and/or their representatives and provide them to take startle in discussions on all questions relating to safety and health at work.In diametrical countries there are different patterns for drug testing in the work place. Only Finland (2003), Ireland (2005) and Norway (2005) reports clearly and specifically addresses the issue of drug testing in the workplace. Nevertheless, for different countries, there are different patterns/differences are visible.Kant believes that human beings plays a very important role in creation. Just merely passing the law does not the justify the action. The order of the use of drug in workplace is a system that cannot turn moral action or regarded as bases for moral judgments, In his hindquarters of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785) Kant gave us three versions of the Categorical Imperatives of all the moral commands are found1. Act as if the maxim of your action was to become through your leave alone a universal law of nature.In Christianity th is barely means that You treat others if you loss others to treat you. (Matthew 712). But the question arises how it is connected to Compulsory drug testing in work place? The reason is simple, the compulsory drug testing is itself a derogatory and you are treating others in humiliating manner.Act in such a way that you everlastingly treat humanity, whether in your make person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but at the same time as an end.In this context it implies that drug testing is unfair, as the innocents who has never touched drugs all through the life have to face the testing which implies the test of peeing. humanness are the most important factor in deciding what is moral or ethical and their suffering is never justified as a means to any end.3. So act as if you were through your maxims a law-making member of a kingdom of endsBefore making or implementing any law, the rights of others should always be kept in mind. No one should involve himself or herself in Prisoners Dilemma i.e. nobody should just follow the selfish interests and others should alike not become a puppet and gets stuck in the web of incredulous life. The American Civil Liberties Union opposes indiscriminate urine testing (American Civil Liberties Union Briefing Paper Number 5 +&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212+ DRU)The Kant theory says that human nature was fundamentally earnest and can learn and inherent in their character, the moral choices. It is immoral to take drug in Work places because it can be harmful to the caller, but intruding into the privacy of the individual even if he or she is innocent which according to the company is an act of piety but amount to unethical behaviorAs the man was innate(p) in this world, he is carrying along generation to generation among others the characteristic or trait of what he called as Selfishness or selfish motive. And this trait is explicitly integrated in the theory Psychological egoism, which propounds that every person is in a possession of but one ultimate aim her ingest offbeat. All the activities that he does indirectly or directly are encircled around his or her own interest. If you are doing some affaire for your own sake that intricately involves your activity is benefiting yours and others and also must have commit to do the thing for your own sake.Desire is the most prerequisite thing for mental egoism. If it is a desire to do certain things then the satisfaction of these desires is a part of your welfare. If I am helping others and here also your desire comes and is a part of welfare. In this case of drug testing, here the employers implies the drug testing for the welfare of others but it is his self interest or urge of profitability and maintaining morality in the work place that plays in the mind of the employers while oblige drug testing on employees. This is a law in itself but became a desire a desire of employers.A bigger problem for psychological egoism is that some behavior does not seem to be explained by self-regarding desires. Say a soldier throws himself on a grenade to prevent others from being killed. It does not seem that the soldier is pursuing his perceived self-interest. It is plausible that, if asked, the soldier would have said that he threw himself on the grenade because he wanted to save the lives of others or because it was his duty. While this law is encircled with lot of criticism, the psychological egocentric implies that what employer is doing is right.Though he is pursuing his own self-interest then also it is advocated that what he is doing is good for the Society as a whole. But he efficiency is victorious away the right of job to the deserving or qualify candidate, it is also possible that though he must he taking drugs in the past but has recently put an end to it. In this situation, you are deriving his or her fundamental right to live.This psychological egotist indicates that companies should adopt the method or procedures by propagating the welfare and profit that is attached to this law, and then implemented with the self-interest of the company, explaining all the positive effects to the people.In-fact, the law states that you dont have to submit to drug testing if you dont want to. Thats your right. But, the consequences might be the same if you failed to comply the drug testing, because then you will be considered flagitious until you are proven innocent under the current program. Again, under municipal or state drug testing laws, an employer might have good cause to fire you, while potential employers might refuse to hold you.This drug testing whitethorn reduce drug-related problems, but it may not reduce the harm that the drugs caused in society. Indeed, this process increases the harm to those not deterred, by causing collateral harmful impacts on family members and others.Its desire impact on the Society is the decrease in employment opportunities for drug us ers, additionally it also creates economic problems for drug users and their families, and in turn the trauma that is caused due to unemployment over again increases the chances of drug users towards more use of drugs to relieve from trauma and stress. For example, in 1990, 1.1 % of utilize adults use the cocaine, whereas the rate for unemployed adults was 2.7%, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991. Thus the removal of drug use from the work place may not reduce the number of problem users but may in truth increase it.REFERANCES1. Legal status of drug testing in the workplace, http//eldd.emcdda.europa.eu/index.cfm?fuseaction=public.ContentnNodeID=16901sLanguageISO=EN, Last change Tuesday, 31 October 20062. Drug Testing in the Workplace, From the Lectric Law Librarys stacks, http//www.lectlaw.com/files/emp02.htm3. minor Robert, (4th Nov. 2002), Egoism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Create a speech on “Looking for Alibrandi” Essay

look for Alibrandi is a film which develops the popular opinion of changing perspective through focusing on the central personality Josies search for identity and belonging in the world and her relationships with other characters. Moreover, the drop of unison and camera shots is applied to certain scenes to emphasize Josies attitude and feelings.The wasting disease of voice over is applied throughout the film by the main character Josie Alibrandi as it constantly reveals personal ideas and impressions from Josies point of view. During her final course of High school, her life is turned upside pop up. However, as she matures from being a very rebellious and determined girl to a more creditworthy and experienced young woman, perspectives of her own identity, her culture and the people around her throw drastically.In Looking for Alibrandi changing perspectives is demonstrated through the concept of ethnical background, Josie has to come to terms with her Italian heritage inclu ding Tomato Day or as she likes to call it National Wog Day, because her culture makes up who she is.Italian music is applied to this scene to represent there Italian culture and to lay off the audience to gain some knowledge and understanding about their traditions and customs. Also, unshakable paced music is taken over towards the end of the scene to indicate the steering she feels rushed and embarrassed about her culture.A key event in the film that changes Josies perspective is the meeting of her father, Michael Andretti. Initially, Josie is hostile to her father and unsympathetic to his explanations. However, as certain events unfold, Josie begins to admire him and sentimental piano music is plays to convey the confirmatory attitude she had towards the idea of having a father figure.Michael Andretti also faces a similar change in perspective of his daughter and his own perspective on fatherhood.Furthermore, another change in perspective is identity. Primarily, Josie be lieves due to her ethnic background, she was looked down upon. However, the experience of a adjacent friends death causes her to realize the importance of family and that others apply it much worse than her.In relation to John Bartons death, a close up of Josies face is captured to display her devastated yet numb expression on with harmonious tunes to mirror Josies grief.In conclusion, as demonstrated in Looking for Alibrandi, changing perspectives is an ongoing process in life and is can be both positive and negative. Without this process in life, a person cannot oblige to new situations and present themselves in life.

Cramming: Time and Long Term Memory

Universal Vice turn outming Whoops Its the night forward the big examen, and you inducent through a lick of consumeing all semester. flavor back on it, you fill out that you should have been hitting the books all those nights you were observation television, just now theres nothing you understructure do about it now. Dont throw in the towel yet, thoughits time to get tog upming. How frequently do you do this? Most mutual among high school and college-aged savants, cramming is much delectationd as a means of memorizing and the practice of working intensively to absorb liberal volumes of studyal material in before long amounts of time.It is a widely-used playing field skill performed in preparation of an examination or separate performance-based assessment. Best stated by H. E. Gorst in his book, The Curse of Education, as long as education is interchange able with cramming on an organized plan, it will continue to produce mediocrity. Students atomic number 18 often forced to cram after improper time utilization or in efforts to pull in information shortly in front being tested. unbecoming time management is usually the cause for start-minute cramming sessions, and some(prenominal) study techniques have been developed to help assimilators succeed in lieu of cramming.Generally considered as a negative study technique, cramming is becoming more and more common among students at the secondary and post-secondary level, not mentioning those who are as young as five years old. Pres accredited to perform well in the classroom and to engage in extracurricular activities in addition to other responsibilities often results in this kind of study habit, cramming. According to W. G. Sommer, students in a university remains often adapt to the time-constraints that are placed upon them in college, and often use cramming to perform well on tests.In his oblige, Procrastination and Cramming How Adept Students Ace the System, he states, Many student s outwardly adapt to this system, however, engage in an intense and cloak-and-dagger ritual that comprises five aspects calculated procrastination, preparatory anxiety, climactic cramming, nick-of-time deadline-making, and a secret, if often uncelebrated, victory. These adept students often find it difficult to admit others into their efficient computer program of academic survival. Students have crammed for decades. What more or less of us dont bang is how legion(predicate) use this study strategy.The lit review in the article references a collection of studies that puts the percentage somewhere between 25 and 50. In this research sample, 45 percent were on the agree side of a scale that measured the extent of cramming. These are some of the precise pragmatic questions explored empirically by the researchers How widespread is cramming among students? Do students specify cramming is an effective study strategy? Does cramming work, as in how does it affect course grades? And the really privy line questions How effective is cramming in the long run?Whats the impress on nurture and memory board? tsarina Isabel F. de Leon, a freshman college student of University of the Philippines Diliman states, I believe that many students cram all the time. Maybe, this is due to wishing of knowledge with regards to time management and discipline. But honestly speaking, I stinker say that cramming helps me in some way. I dont know if its just me who feels that cramming stimulates my mindset cells more. It seems like I am able to formulate more ideas and to absorb more information whe neer I cram for some of my school works and tests.In spite of this, I dont think that cramming has affected my grades that much because there are so many factors that can influence class marks. If I were to choose from cramming and not cramming, I would definitely choose the latter. This is because I know for a fact that if I wouldnt cram, Im sure that my work is clearly make and not just scrapped from somewhere. I do believe that cramming produces risky works, in such a way that a person who crams is not sure whether he did his job well or not. Perhaps the question that most needs addressing is this one How come some exams can be get the hang so successfully by students whove prepared by cramming? You power think its just a problem with multiple-choice exams. Not so. In this study and others, the amount of cramming students reported was not a function of exam type. Are teachers testing too much recall on their exams? It might be interesting to go through an exam and see how many questions can be answered with material you could memorize but not understand at all or well.Cramming is often discouraged by educators because the travel rapidly coverage of material tends to result in poor long- borderinal retention of material. In a 2007 study conducted by University of South Florida psychologist Doug Rohrer, it was determined that last minute studying reduces retention of material and whitethorn hinder the learning process in the long term. There is a biological source for this. The problem is that cramming information places it into our brains in short term storage. This is where you put effortless information that is not really worth cogitateing.In order to learn we have to transfer information into long term memory. Once there, you can repossess it far easier over a longer period of time. All information are processed in the brain and stored in short term memory. The problem is that these information sort of overloads the brain and are not unplowed for genuinely long. Can you remember every single event that happened to you in a given day? Think of the literal thousands of bits of information you are exposed to every day. Its not necessary to remember it all, so the brain dumps it after a time.Can you remember what you had for breakfast the day before yesterday? What shirt you wore? How much lunch cost? How many stairs there are in preparing for exams? No. What cook ups you think you will remember some factoid from class that you never heard of before? Sure you may remember it for a day or two, but thats it. Only when you make an effort to remember something repeatedly do you transfer that information into the other kind of memory, long term memory. Cramming fails because youre relying on short term memory.In spite of these facts, cramming will always be an option for those who need to do a large amount of task in a short period of time. Like any other unrighteousnesss, cramming can be very addictive and may supply us what we need for now, but we may not benefit from it for a long period of time. Since it is continuously done by most of us nowadays, not only by students but also by some adults as well, avoiding it will be very difficult for all of us. Its like a universal vice that most of us used to live with and it can be applicable for everyone.Cramming is a vice that will forever be present in this world it may be lessened but will never be eradicated, especially for students like me. While cramming probably wont get you an A, it can definitely save you from an F. So suck it up and get vigorous for a long, hard night. And vow to be a better student from now on. Works Cited Cramming (education) -. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . Pangilinan, Candy. Candidly Cramming and homecoming. PEP. ph The piece One Site for Philippine Showbiz Home. 2 Dec. 2007. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . How to Cram for a Test wikiHow. WikiHow The How-to Manual That You Can Edit. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . Weimer, Maryellen. Key Questions about Cramming . article of belief Professor. 02 Dec. 2008. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . Cramming Definition of cramming at Yourmental lexicon. com. Dictionary Definitions, Sentence Examples, Synonyms and More. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . Cram Definition of cram verb (LEARN) from Cambridge Dictionary Online Free English Dictionary and Thesaurus. Cambridge Dictionary Online Free English Dictionary and Thesaurus Cambridge University Press Cambridge Dictionaries Online Cambridge University Press. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . Handy, Edna Wells. why Students Fail. Autoredirect to main site. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . The dangers of cramming for exams. PSU BMB. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . Weinberg, Tamar. How to Cram for Exams How To Lifehacker. Lifehacker, tips and downloads for getting things done. 02 Mar. 2008. Web. 27 Sept. 2009. . de Leon, Czarina Isabel . Personal Interview. 14 October 2009.