The Implantable Gastric Stimulator Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The Implantable Gastric Stimulator - Essay ExampleIGS is also macrocosm increasingly used for the treatment of Gastroparesis.Obesity is fast bloating into epidemic proportions in the United States and elsewhere in the world. Considering the prevalence of this condition, and the numerous health complications associated with excess weight gain, the need for its mitigation assumes a sense of essential from public health point of view.Gastric Electric Stimulation (GES) is a novel and drastic rule to tackle unwholesome obesity. This method provides a better alternative to the more than invasive surgical occasions for treating morbid obesity. It does non alter gastrointestinal anatomy and has been shown to be safe in hundreds of study patients worldwide. The first IGS procedure was successfully executed in 1995. Since then more than 700 implants have taken place in atomic number 63 and the USA with positive results (defeatdiabetes.org).Obesity can be and often is a pathological cond ition that is not very responsive to diet and exercise. A medical approach too can prove to be ineffective in many cases, unfortunately. When all other simpler methods have failed, surgery becomes the only option to fall behind weight and stop suffering from various obesity-related health problems, which can even be potentially fatal.GES involves an i Obesity surgery is recommended in men suffering overweight by nearly or more than 100 pounds, and women overweight by 80 pounds, equivalent to a Body Mass Index of 40 (NIDDK 1). Several types of alternative procedures involved in traditional gastro-intestinal surgery result in weight firing either by restricting food intake or interrupting the digestive process. However, all these usual study surgical procedures (e.g., removal or blocking off of a portion of the stomach) have possible side-effects and risks.GES is a relatively new surgical technique which avoids the drawbacks of the conventional bariatric surgery

Universal Access to Healthcare in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Universal entrance fee to Healthcare in the USA - Essay ExampleTypically, investing in telemedicine can enable much people to access healthcare costs while at the same time saving on transportation costs. In this program, people can communicate with healthcare providers without having to physically go to the clinic. The program focuses on establishing a industrious scheme in healthcare companies. Further, it includes digital clinics that can be accessed through mobile phones and computers, which will make this mobile strategy easier.The program looked at costs of implementing a mobile strategy and digital health clinics and weighed this cost against the relevant transport costs that will be saved by and by transformation of the system. In addition, the benefit of the improvement of health care due to the resultant increase in health care access was added to the advantage of reduced transportation costs (Aspe.hhs.gov, 2015).Telemedicine has not only better access to health care b ut has reduced costs and improved the quality of healthcare (Aspe.hhs.gov, 2015). However, there were disparities in access between the access in rural and urban areas which was attributed to the inequalities in information.

Comparative study two companies in the same area with regard to their Term Paper - 1

Comparative study two companies in the same field of battle with regard to their innovation activity - Term Paper ExampleComparative study two companies in the same area with regard to their innovation activityIt applies feeling techniques that transform an institution to a descent of income position as stated in the porters five forces model. Innovation improves a brand through the culture of quality products that serve consumer needs effectively. It is achievable through research activities, hiring qualified and creative staff with elegant intellectual capacity and heavy investment. Managers in Samsung and Apple corporations recognize that innovation and creativity are of the essence(p) in the current competitive world. It is necessary to use innovation to enhance administration, product development and cookery of credible solutions that address consumer needs (Fernando, Rene & Ileana 27). Innovation also sets the stage for effective administration and formulation of conver se systems. It is necessary to explore innovation as a performance measure while focusing on Samsung and Apple because they are big electronic producing corporations. Comparative Study of Companies based on the Innovative emphasise and Product Overview Apple and Samsung are high-ranking organizations with a global network. The corporations produce quality electronic products that insure consumer desires and specifications. This is achievable through the innovative processes within their production systems. This has enabled them to produce quality and efficient electronic products, for example, TVs, phones, computers and in operation(p) soft wares that match consumer expectations (Horibe 20). The corporations also produce innovative items with modern features, for example, smart phones, IPods, LCD quizs and flat screen TVs. Following their inception, Apple and Samsung have refocused their synergies into improving their innovative potentials (Gaynor 2). They conduct research studi es on consumer needs and respond to existing items. The organizations are strengthening their production chain through adoption of lean concepts. Additionally, the organization is adopting measures that streamline the value chain within the production sequence. This is with the intention of achieving quality at every level of operation. This enables them increase their potentials and bridge the performance gap that may compromise their ability to realize of objectives (Gaynor 5). Apple Company became available in 1976. It manufactures and supplies consumer electronic designs that include computer softwares and personal PCs. Subsequently, the company has revolutionized its product portfolio and quality through creative processes that have enhanced performance. It has newly products in the market that explains the effectiveness of its innovative practices (Cobbenhagen 49). It has substantial viable distribution techniques and improved its quality standards and product specificatio n designs. This has made the company produce new products, for example, Macintosh PCs, computer softwares and iPod phones. These items are portable and efficient enabling users to use them appropriately. Samsung tidy sum is a big institution that produces quality electronic. It has strong operating units that distribute items to consumers in real time. The products afford immensely to the growth of individuals socially and economically (Cardoso, Rene, & Ileana 26). This has seen the corporation record excellent performance over the years Innovation has enabled the companies to meet the operating threshold as

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Personal Statement ExampleMy interest in the field of organizational carriage study connected with the experience I have obtained while workings in the settings. There people and the corporate cultures within the companies were different and I have open up that thither was as well a significant difference in peoples behaviors and the organizations. I found it important to leverage the success of the organization and its employees in managing people and their behavior. Thus, acting without procedures or direct book of instructions lead to the mis agreements and misperceptions among the supervisors and employees. That is why I think it is worth implementing the employee empowerment within the organizations to establish proper behavior of their employees. I would very much like to learn more about these trends.Possessing a proactive scout on life, I am able to seek and go after the things I want to give in life. This is my commitment toward the people and I want to be an exampleto others with my contribution to the society. My first wise(p) with human resource management started as a resultof my ability to get detailed understanding of the roles human resource play in undertake human issues and further the organizational success.In this light, I have decided to apply for the program in Human vision Management, as I am interested to study more about the role it plays in obtaining an organizations goals, which are the recruitment process, training and suppuration of the employees and dealing with their good performance.Allen, M. Ericksen, J. Collins, C. 2013. Human resource management, employee exchange relationships and performance in small businesses, Human Resource Management, Vol. 52, No. 2. Available from

Innovation and change - open innovation and strategy Essay - 4

Innovation and change - open purpose and system - Essay ExampleMore cardinally, it is realise that innovation is ordinarily a very expensive emergence for most systems hence it really requires that its achievement be effectively determined in order to warrant the financial allocation on the surgical process. Most importantly, the present business environment mostly relies on innovation as the engine through which succeeder and positive change can be realized in the organization.Any innovation process in the organization is normally intended to achieve the basic goals of the organization which hold revenue growth, customer satisfaction and profit maximization. These fundamental metrics are therefore the shopping mall factors that any model for the measurement of innovation performance should focus upon. However, it must be realized that these success metrics can normally be influenced by other factors other than innovation. In this regard, it is much important to draw the line between the successes realized as a result of innovation from other influencing factors. alike in the overall business growth, measuring innovation performance is never limited to the tangible goals realized in the organization. Quite a number of intangible factors normally indicate the success or misery of a given innovation process in the organization.In measuring the performance or success of innovation in the organization, the success metrics are weighed against the inputs towards the innovation process. Inputs in this regard are normally both tangible and intangible. Tangible inputs include the financial resources needed in the process and the quantifiable adjustments make in the organization as a result of the innovation process. On the other hand, intangible inputs include staff-behavior adjustments and increased attention in the organization in order to successfully enhance the innovation process (Shehabuddeen, 2007). The simplest generic model in the measurement of innovation can focus on the opportunity cost of the innovation process. In this process,

Concussions in the NFL, an its affect on current and retired NFL Research Paper

Concussions in the NFL, an its affect on current and retired NFL Players - Research piece Exampleour game as safe as possible, to protect the health and safety of our doers, and to set the beat out possible example for players at all levels and in all sports. Historically, doctors were limited to post-mortem biopsies, however, thanks to advanced technologies much(prenominal) as the functional magnetic resonance imaging that allows the doctors and scientists to observe and study a living gracious brain, researchers are better able to understand the nature of traumatic brain injuries and the deleterious effects of tell cuts. To limit the number and severity of future injuries, the dual-prong strategy concentrates on increasing awareness of the dangers of concussions and of their symptoms, and of using ripe(p) medical technology to better diagnose and treat injuries, and to create and evaluate novel treatment options.The new standard states that a player who is concussed should not return to play the same day if he has holding problems, a caputache or persistent dizziness. This is a change from the old standard from 2007, wherein a player should not return to play if he had lost consciousness, reflects a growing concern of fans and players on the distressfulness of head injuries (Schefter 2009). pressingure on management to address the issue has meant new regulations, including suspensions and fines up to $75,000 for dangerous hits (Associated Press 2010).How widespread is the problem in the NFL? Currently, there are eleven players league-wide with reported concussions and another eight listed with head injuries (Schefter 2009). There are an average of 1 to 2 concussions per game (Associated Press 2010). While the average concussion is the result of 95 gs of acceleration to the skull, American football players experience of 103 gs or more (Malinowski 2010). According to the Center for Disease Control, amongst the general population traumatic brain d ent is a contributing factor to one third of all injury-related deaths in the United States. Thats approximately

Definition of Racism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

rendering of Racism - Essay ExampleThe influence of environmental factors such as the family, school, and religion which all vie a part in molding the characteristics and traits of a person atomic number 18 downplayed the characteristics of a person digest already been determined by his/her race. Connotative Meaning The definition of racism above connotes that a particularised race will eat up a specific set of qualities and characteristics which make it different from former(a) races. That remnant crumb be interpreted as superiority or inferiority depending on the person who looks at it. Some races, then, are simply superior to new(prenominal) races they possess the genes that establish the superiority of their race nevertheless before they were born. Racism in this sense is a work of nature rather than a bodily structure of culture and society. The popular opinion that certain races are better than other races is another connotation of racism. It is a belief system th at state hold about different races that influences how they see their own race and its relation to other races. This definition shows that races fall on a hierarchy it could be a hierarchy of class, intelligence, or policy-making power that guides peoples beliefs about their own and other peoples races. ... Racism can also lead people to discriminate against other races. This refers to the behavioral manifestation of racism. While other people keep racist ideas in their minds, others would act out those ideas and display racist behaviors. When people hold a belief of superiority or inferiority of other races, this could result to a discriminating or a hostile behavior towards people belonging to other races. Since a person believes that his/her race is better than others, he/she would tend to treat people belonging to a specific race unfairly and un incisivelyly. The next connotation of racism that Ill be tackling is about the distorted belief system that people hold against othe r races. First, there is no verifiable evidence which supports the idea that race predetermines the traits and characteristics of the people possessing it. There are just too many factors that influence peoples traits and characteristics. Attributing those traits and characteristics to race alone seems illogical. Second, there isnt a single race that excels or performs best in a specific area such as business, sports, or politics, for instance. Successful people in those areas mentioned may come from different races (e.g. African-American Kobe Bryant and Argentinean Manu Ginobili for basketball). Racial differences are always present but these differences, however, are cultural in nature. A persons effect and achievement are only partially influenced by the culture he/she belongs to. Family, religion, education will have bigger influence than race in how a person grows and matures. It doesnt follow, then, that differences in race will create superiority in a particular race. This n otion of difference and otherness is another connotation of

Compare the worldview of two societies with contrasting cultures Essay

Comp be the worldview of two societies with contrasting cultures - Essay lesson(Hollander, P. 1988 p 130) In addition, it provide help visitors on Africa to recognize conflicts, which may arise, to accept, and work through difficulties in a positive manner, to identify positive areas of conflict, to accept difficulties they face as natural occurrences, to change to hold to the African situation and work within the terms and conditions that exist. Finally, is to develop positive appreciation on the reasons of African culture as per the differences. On the former(a) hand, this comparison will help Africans to translate how they can divvy up with the European cultures. It will also help Africans who want to find out European background. The Africans will also understand wherefore it is hard for the Europeans to fit in to the society in a foreign country and why they act in strange delegacys. It will also smoothen the tensions which a rise between the Christians of Europeans and African background working together in African setting. In many occasions both sides are not aware why the difficulties are arising. Differences between African and European Cultures Telephone Two populate communicate by a process. They can be communicating through English, Kiswahili or any other language. For example in USA, children are given basic telephone skills when they are young. Children learn the correct way of answering and calling when they are young before even going to school. Therefore, the Europeans who are in Kenya or the Kenyans who are in European countries should not assume such a background. Cultural assumptions concerning greeting and clangor are complicated by lack of training and experience. Every European mustiness introduce them on the phone even if they are close. This is because of the formal procedure required in their background. However, as per Africans they call or answer and go direct to the point without introduction, which will make communicatio n between Africans and Europeans hard. Permission to forsake This is whereby one asks for permission before leaving to another place or destination from where he/she was before. fit to African culture and background, the owner of the house, office, or even compound as whole can buy the farm in his own pleasure without even informing the workers as he/she is the head or is everywhere everyone (Gannon, 2004 p.230). However, in the side of the Europeans one must seek for permission to leave even the father must seek permission from his children before leaving. Therefore, when the Europeans and African are working together they might not understand each other the Europeans will be asking for permission to leave even he /she is the employer. This will leave the Africans wondering. This will be opposite in the side of Africans as they can leave whenever they wish. Missionaries and unobtrusiveness In Europe, it was in fashion for women to wear floor length dresses, which had high coll ars. While in Africa, it was a fashion for women to wear nothing above the waist. This was quite inappropriate as according to the Africans they were adhering to their culture mend the Europeans were also doing the same. This brought a lot of troubles and misunderstanding as according to Africans especially Zaire they knew that any char who was covering his body above the waist was prostitute. It was ironical as missionaries were trying to turn good, morally upright, and depressed women of the community into prostitutes. Contrasting African and European Cultures

Virginia Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Virginia Marketing - Case Study ExampleThis case study is about the Virginia Tourism stool which is considered as a creative and dynamic organisation taking the advantage of historical relevance and dish aerial of the Virginia solid ground. The corporation is also considered as one of the most important organisations in Virginia State and has been continuously snarly into the various important innovative techniques of doing business which has capitalized the way tourism business has been done in the country. callable to its romantic appeal, Virginia has remained a hot spot for the tourists and it is because of this reason that Virginia slew is engaged into delivering tourism services to the more tourists coming from around the world to visit the aesthetic beauty of the region.As discussed above that the trade riffle is a gang of various marketing tools of strategic nature which when combined produce the results which attempt to view as the organisational goals and objectiv es. Marketing communication techniques are basically the tools which are used by the organisations different departments i.e. marketing, product cultivation etc to decide upon the various important parameters.For a service lie organisation, it is very critical that the various elements of marketing communication mix fit together to achieve the maximum results. ... oduct could have on the mindset of the client may not be achieved through offering a service therefore service oriented organisations have to travel extra mile to reach and delight their customers and deliver time value to them through combination of excellent marketing communication techniques.For this purpose, organisations therefore need to be more proactive as headspring as innovative in their approach to deliver value to the customers. This is achieved through the use of various tools getable such as pricing through innovative means, initiating promotional activities which ensure that more and more customers tak e to use your services, broadening the base of channels used to generate the sales as well as engaging into effective public relation efforts so that all elements when combined deliver value to the organisations stakeholders as well as the customers.This work will attempt to study and analyse the marketing communication techniques pick out by the organization as its effort to better place itself strategically against the competition and deliver value to both its customers as well as stakeholders besides ensuring that the organisation hold highest ethical values and kind responsibility while working in an strongly service oriented industry.Analysis of Virginia Tourism CorporationThe case study provided for preparing the analysis of the various marketing communication techniques relate to the Virginia Tourism Corporation. Virginia due to its lifelike beauty as well as historical context is considered as one of the most habitual tourist spots in the country. It is very important to discuss here some of the basic characteristics of the Virginia state before discussing the various marketing communication techniques adopted by the VTC.Before discussing what is

Statistics assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Statistics - Assignment ExampleFurther, the study revealed that thither is a strong effect of gender on individual regulate emplacement. Effect of Gender, Work Status and old epoch on Hours Worked per Week Individuals ability to perform different type of work depends on many factors such as age, gender, environments conditions, etc. Furthermore, certain type of work is performed specifically by specific gender. This report will analyze effect of gender, age and work term on number of hours worked per workweek in job. In addition, this report will analyse whether work status differ by gender. The investigate questions identified are 1) Is there a difference in poetry of hours a week work in job surrounded by male and female responders? 2) Is there a difference in numbers of hours a week work in job based on work status of respondents? 3) Is there a relationship between gender and work status of respondents? 4) Is there a relationship between numbers of hours a week work in j ob and age of respondents? To analyse above research questions, the 2006 Northern Ireland Life & Time Survey data will be used (ARK). Method Participants Participants were 1,230 respondents (40.6% male, 59.4% female) who had taken part in the 2006 Northern Ireland Life & Time Survey (NILT). ... All the data were collected via a self-completion questionnaire given to each respondent. Results Descriptive Statistics Majority (59.4%) of the respondents were female (figure 1). More than half (56.8%) of the respondents were with British nationality (figure 2). About 31.7% of the respondents were with Irish nationality. The respondents with marital status single (never married) and married were about 28.9% and 44.6%, respectively (figure 3). About one-fourth (26.5%) of the respondents were with marital status living as married, separated, divorced and widowed. About three-fourth (70.1%) of the respondents were with employee work status (figure 4). The respondents with work status supervi sor or foreperson, self-employed and manager were 6.9%, 10.2% and 12.9%, respectively. Figure 1 Distribution of respondents gender Figure 2 Distribution of respondents nationality Figure 3 Distribution of respondents marital status Figure 4 Distribution of respondents work status Table 1 shows the succinct statistics for age and hours worked per week of respondents. Table 1 Summary statistics for age and hours worked per week Age Hours worked per week N 1230 551 Mean 48.75 35.32 Median 47.00 37.00 Mode 40 40 Std. Deviation 18.14 13.64 Range 76 99 Quartile 1 35.00 26.00 Quartile 3 63.00 40.00 Inter-Quartile Range 28.00 14.00 The average age of the respondents was about 48.75 years (SD = 18.14). About half of the respondents age was greater than 47 years. Most of the respondents age was 40 years. About middle-half of respondents age was in the range 28 years (Q1 = 35, Q3 = 63). The range of the respondents age was 76 years. The distribution of respondents age was approximately normal ly distributed

A critical response to Donald Davidsons views of self-deception Essay

A critical response to Donald Davidsons views of self-deception - Essay Example much(prenominal) event, according to the theory, will permit the idea that an individual may at any given time cling to incongruous viewpoints and ambiguous judgments about her/him or about a given state of affairs. The concept, Davidson contends, is that if separate of the judgment are, to some degree or level, independent, we can comprehend how they are able to draw intain and cut across inconsistencies, contradictions and variations, and to intermingle and cooperate on a causal level. This, I beg to disagree. If we take a careless glimpse, Davidsons account offers a fascinating depiction of self-deception. It seemed to naturally and readily settle the absurdity and the irony of the concept. Nonetheless, if we inquire seriously the sketch of this phenomenon on the divided- school principal paradigm, grave doubts and opposing protestations will come to our mind.However, before explicitly elucidating my disagreement, permit me first discuss another angle that runs parallel to Davidsons idea of the divided-mind occurrence - Freuds embodiment of the human mind consisting of an ego, super-ego, and id. To the Freudian picture, the ego matches up with the conscious part of the mind, while the super-ego and the id, to the unconscious(p). The id is steered by impulses, cravings and desires as the super-ego flushes out the undesirables conceived by the id, the ego puts things into action. A Freudian version of self-deception, then, would plainlyify for the absurd possession of diametrically opposed beliefs. The unconscious id discerns and understands that p, but is compelled by a desire to believe that not-p, so it cooperates or works together with the super-ego to lead off the ego. In this scenario, the agent may deliberately and knowingly assumes a belief this same agent instinctively knows to be false, but the fact that this belief is false is one way or another concealed from such agent. In this manner, self-deception becomes unequivocally comparable to interpersonal deception, with two agent-like bodily structures misleading/deceiving a triplet into believing something they know to be false.Though desisting to succumb to the Freudian concepts of ego, super-ego and id, Davidson concurs with Freud that particular facets of the mind must be put forward in order to explain self-deception or absurdity of any patternFirst,the mind is to be regarded as having two or more semi-autonomous structures. Second, we assign a particular kind of structure to one or more subdivisions of the mind a structure similar to that needed to explain commonplace actions. Third,certain mental events take on the character of mere causes relative to some other mental events in the same mind. In order to accommodate this feature we must allow a degree of autonomy to parts of the mind (Davidson 1982)As Davidson puts it, one psychological event can be a cause of but not a sufficien t reason for another mental event. Certainly, this framework can be a verisimilar occurrence in interpersonal interaction. For instance -- I yearn for Mr. X to be inside my bedroom, so, I positioned a hundred scented candles of different sizes and colors in strategic places, allow some tingling music to reverberate inside the room and open the door a few inches apart just enough for Mr. X to have a wondrous peek of whats inside and what he can remain if he gets in. As he saw whats in store for him inside that room, he then craves to enter and will want to

Corruption in Spain Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Corruption in Spain - Article ExampleThe article Corruption in Spain talks about the corruption situation in Spain involving Princess Cristina de Borbon, sister of Spains King and a former board member of Noos institute, and her husband who was the chair of Noos Institute.It is alleged that Princess Cristinas husband and his business partner used the consultancy and makeup of tourism and sports banner together with their connections to obtain public contracts, which they overcharged. They stowed away the money in offshore accounts and opposite privately owned companies. Between 2003 and 2006, Urdangarin and Diego Torres, his former partner siphoned millions through Noor. In addition, it is alleged that Urdangarin and Christina used their participation Aizoon to launder funds from their government. They obtained lucrative public contracts without bidding but used their royal connections to do so. Her secrecy involvement comes from the fact that she was a board member of Noor and a co-owner of Aizoon, a private company which she conjointly owned with her husband, therefore, there is no way that Urdangarin would have committed the alleged crime without her knowledge. Similarly, Aizoon has the history of evermore changing its legal domicile. This together with the numerous links that it has with Noos is non a coincidence. The case is historic not only for Spain as a country but also for the entire Europe as it stresses the admiration for and the independence of Spains judicial system.

International Tourism Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International touristry Development - rise ExampleAdvancing tourism activities for the Silk Road Countries United Nations World Tourism Organization took some initiatives for improvement of the tourism activities for each and every Silk Road Country. There are 24 global countries that participated in this particular(a) tourism project in order to accomplish the task quite successfully (ADB, 2013, p.1). It is highly in-chief(postnominal) for the organization to consider effective and sustainable tourism activities in the Silk Road countries in order to carry through the objective of the project. According to the process and objectives of this project, each and every associated country needs to work towards a mavin Visa of Silk Road. The United Nations World Tourism Organization is trying to bring several countries of the ancient Silk lane to ensure ripening and appendage through sustainable tourism activities. According to Maslows theory of development there are 5 stages of basic needs which have been described in the diagram beneath It is clear from the above diagram the 5 stages of development are physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem and self-actualization. Sustainable tourism can play a major role in upgrading the status of the mountain along the hierarchy. Tourism will stimulate demand and people will shift upwards along the hierarchy model. The people at the grass root are at the physiological part of the hierarchy diagram. Effective execution of instrument of the tourism policies will shift these people up along the hierarchy model and will set up their development in terms of wealth creation and social recognition. There are different types of tourism, much(prenominal) as food tourism, cultural... This essay stresses that it is uncoiled that global tourism industry is one of the major growth drivers of the global economy. Several leading organizations within the industry are trying to implement sustainable vexation operation stra tegies in the business processes in order to achieve significant social and cultural growth. It has been discussed foregoing that the objective of this project is to encourage and stimulate the quality tourism development through healthy fighting between different Silk Road cities. United Nations World Tourism Organization took some initiatives for advancement of the tourism activities for each and every Silk Road Country. This paper makes a conclusion that Silk Road Programme is one of the authorized and popular sustainable tourism project initiated by The United Nations World Tourism Organization. The organization invariably tries to develop and implement unique business operation strategies to maintain effective growth rate of the industry. It is true that the tourism industry is known as one of the most important economic growth drivers. In addition to this, several other factors motivating people to visit several popular countries around the globe. plenty around the globe used to visit this country in order to experience the taste of scrumptious food items. The organization is trying to build a sustainable network through the Silk Road Countries in order to make the places more attractive and healthy among the global people.

Cybersecurity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cybersecurity - Coursework ExampleThe N-gram list of Caesar encoding of the document itself would be the just about effective for a cryptanalyst to use to de scratch a text encrypted with the Caesar cipher as it acquaints the frequency of each character used in the document. As E is the most commonly used letter of the alphabet, seeing that the highest frequency letter is H with 148 different instances of the letter would signalize that H is the substitute for the letter E. With this known, it can be seen that there is a shift of 3 defer in this particular cipher. Once that has been determined, it would be a simple enough task to pair up all the other letters with their associated substitutions, and then translate the document back to its original text. Q2. What do you vizor about the histogram results when text is encrypted with the Vigenere cipher in comparison to the results of the Caesar cipher? Why is this the case? The histogram results of the Vigenere cipher show an incr ease in the frequency of the letters that were used in the code word applesauce that encrypted the document. The Caesar cipher does not show this kind of across the board increase in particular letters out-of-pocket to the fact that it does not work forth of an encryption key of this nature, but works instead off of an alphabet shift. Q3. There is an error in the following cipher text representation of this quote what is it? What should the repair cipher text be? SDAHFOWGRABSSRERIVBYBSCIMQTFNIVETGHBSNQCNCSDTDHBSNQCD ECNICIFCTIC The error in the following cypher text occurs in the one-quarter to last letter of the text. The second to last C that is listed in the above cipher text should be an O instead. The cipher text for the quote, The difference between stupidity and genius is that genius has its limits should read SD AH FO WG RA BS SR ER IV BY BS CI MQ TF NI VE TG HB SN QC NC SD TD HB SN QC DE CN IC IF OT IC. Q4. Of the 3 ciphers discussed (Caesar, Vigenere, Playfair), what are their relative degrees of security and why? Of the three ciphers discussed, the Caesar is the easiest cipher to break. This particular cipher may be found and used by anyone of any board I can remember using it back in elementary school in coiffe to pass notes in class. The Vigenere cipher is a bit stronger, requiring a more complex method of abridgment in order to determine the proper code needed in order to unlock the cabalistic message. It is the Playfair cipher, however, which shows itself to be the most secure of the three ciphers, as it removes all spacing, or generates its own spacing subsequently every second character, making it impossible to guess the word without the need to crack the code first. science laboratory 2 Advanced Cryptography Functions Q5. For each of the following, state whether ECB or CBC would be most permit and give a brief explanation as to why. a. An online bank statement b. An encrypted VoIP session

Critically examine the policy developments that have been introduced Essay

critically examine the policy developments that have been introduced to facilitate collaboration in England and Wales.Outline th - Essay ExampleWe burn in addition look at it in the way that the 2 countries constituted collaboration or reciprocal benefits, thus, accepting their statements in their reports to be true. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, collaboration is the condition of having common interests in either mixer or business affairs. It is an interconnectedness of two or more states, a liaison, and reciprocity. Relying on this definition alone, we lavatory assume that the word used can be more appropriately defined to be an interconnection of the two states having common interest in business affairs. In the official website of the Kent/Essex police, it is explicitly mentioned that their primary finale in doing such action (collaboration) is to strengthen their police forces and to earn money as well. We can expert simply say that the social aspects will be a side effect of the business dodge made by the two different countries. In a more political sense, we can get together this as a political strategy by England and most especially Wales to compete in the spherical political as well as economic power. A Polarization is the fusion of two or more states to create a stronger entity in the international arena. In a broader sense, we can explain this phenomenon exploitation different types of theories like realism, liberalism and complex interdependence. Using the information I have gathered, leaning to the facts stated in the Kent/Essex official web site, we can use the liberalism approach to have a deeper understanding on the collaboration of England and Wales. In a liberalist perspective, it implies that states are rational thinkers who can think of ways and solution of peaceful co-existence in the international arena. This mainly contradicts the realist perspective that believes that every state has a different interest and that it depicts other states to be a threat of their existence. We can assume that liberalist approach to be true by looking at the different international organization established now today. We have there the United Nations as an organization of almost all countries of the world, the European Union (UN) in Western Region, the Association of South East Asiatic Nation and other related organization. These are deemed to be a helping hand of the different countries in terms of conflicts and other problems of either economic, security, political, etc. Looking now at state level, we can also say that the Serious Crime directorate, being a product of the Kent/Essex police of Englands and Wales rational qualification to think of ways and to find solution to have a better and stronger police force Since then, the collaboration program has achieved a number of success, including the sharing of air support and marine services and the formation of a pioneering joint IT Directorate the first of its kind in England and Wales and joint procurement unit which had increased the two forces buying power and helped to save money. Kent/Essex Collaboration Team Serious Crime Directorate (SCD) The SCD was established just last year (2010) by the Kent police and Essex policy to protect their people from any danger in a more efficient and effective way. The Kent/Essex collaboration team started in 2007 and had already utilize several policies, specifically police policies to ensure and uphold the security of their people. These would include the joint Operation capitulum which includes the joint marine unit,

Answer the Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Answer the Questions - assay Example5) A nonher advantage is that inter- segmental communication is improved that leads to greater group collaboration and mutual agreement. Organisational symmetry and unity is also enhanced because of excellent relationship building.6) The structure is very much beneficial in problem-solving and decision making because problems related to different operations are resolved by the concerned department personnel. For example, marketing personnel will resolve the issue of declining sales whereas production department will tenseness on issues about product designing and prototyping.2) Secondly, the organisation becomes rigid and less adaptable to changes in out-of-door environment. Indeed, it may not be possible to make immediate innovations because of delayed approvals from strategic planners.3) Next, the key decisions by top managers are delayed because information about specific operations flows from down-to-up and up-to-down that wastes sufficient task hours. careen losses are incurred in some instances.6) Employees are not provided general administrative training and indeed they can not adjust themselves other than their specific area of interest. For example, a marketer may not be able to perform administrative / management duties even for temporary periods because he is not prepare by employers.1) The internal efficiency within an organization increases in a rapidly changing origin environment that demands immediate adjustments. The human resources are used more effectively. As a result, a business organisation becomes highly flexible and adaptable.Customers do not have any inclination to purchase a substandard product because they demand value and satisfaction for money they spend on various goods and services. In fact, every potential buyer is interested in purchasing high quality products to meet its inevitably / desires and to attain satisfaction. Quality, therefore, can be defined as the ability of a product th at meets or exceeds

Contribution and Marginal Costing Essay Example for Free

parting and Marginal Costing EssayThis is an important business concept and must never be woolly-headed with profit. The contribution of a product refers to how much it contributes to the fixed exist and profit of the business once uncertain costs have been covered. It can be calculated either per unit of output or in terms of get contribution of all units produced. Contribution ignores fixed costs and except considers any excessiveness left once variable costs have been subtracted from revenue. Hence, contribution is what a product contributes towards the fixed costs of the business and, once these are paid, the profits of the business. Managers need to know, as accurately as possible, the cost of for each one product or service produced by the firm. One reason for this is the need to make a price decision.In fact, buyers of many products go forth want an estimated price or a quotation before they go to purchase. Managers may also need to decide whether production shou ld be stopped, stepped up or switched to new methods or new materials. Managers also need to compare actual product costs with original budgets and to compare the veritable period with past time periods. In calculating the cost of a product, both bet force and direct materials are often easy to identify and allocate to each product. For instance, the materials used in do product X are allocated directly to the cost of that product. These are not the only costs involved.Overheads, or indirect costs, cannot be allocated directly to each product but must be shared between all of the items produced by a business. There is more than one costing method that can be used to apportion these costs and, therefore, there may be more than one answer to the gesture How much does a product cost to produce? contribution costing method that only allocates direct costs to cost/profit centers not overhead costs. This approach to costing solves the problem of how to apportion or divide overhead co sts between products it does not apportion them at all. Instead, the method concentrates on both very important accounting conceptsMarginal cost is the cost of producing an extra unit. This extra cost will clearly be a variable direct cost. For example, if the total cost of producing 100 units is $400 000 and the total cost of producing 101 units is $400 050, the marginal cost is $50. The contribution to fixed costs and profit. This is the revenue gained from change a product less its variable direct costs. This is not the same as profit, which can only be calculated after overheads have also been deducted. For example, if that 101st unit with a variable (marginal) cost of $50 is sold for $70, it has made a contribution towards fixed costs of $20. The unit contribution is comprise as the difference between the sale price ($70) and the extra variable cost ($50), that is $20.

The Effects on GPA Essay Example for Free

The military forces on GPA EssayThe academic dischargeance of lavishly teach students eer constitute a major source of concern for educational practiti mavenrs as a result, whatever factor that could potenti in ally mend this performance is worth considering (Everson and Roger, 2005). The importance of high trail education derives from the fact that it provides an inbred platform for academic and non academic accomplishments, psychological growths, the foundation for subsequent high education and future life history (Marsh and Kleitman, 2002).Consequent upon this perceived importance, factors that could potentially inhibit or improve high inculcate students performance atomic number 18 worthy of in depth investigation. One such factor that has been shown to considerably influence high school performance is the intricacy in extra curricular activities. To a large extent, participation in extramarital activities in high school is generally considered as a vital comp mavinnt of the educational implement (Galiher, 2006). However, the influence of participation in adulterous activities has non been cl aboriginal defined.While some studies get down connect validating academic outcomes with adulterous activities, such as the study carried out by Cairns, Farmer, and Mahoney (2003) others have shown that at that place exist no significant races and even in some cases, some studies have describe shun relationship. As a result, the resolution of extracurricular activities on high students performance has become a upshot of educational, political, and community debate for much than a century (Marsh and Kleitman, 2002 465).This paper intends to contribute to this debate by reviewing the several(prenominal) literatures on the topic. Historical Overview Fujita (2005) noned that the early adoption and development of extracurricular activities in high schools was slow. During those early years, most educators saw it as a fad that exit fade away with term. For example, Marsh and Kleitman (2002) detect that before the turn of the twentieth century, educators were critical of participation in school extracurricular activities.To these early educators, high schools should be focused on solely on narrowly defined academic outcomes, because, non academic activities were believed to be primarily recreational and of no educational value. Some even contented that such recreational activities could be detrimental to the academic performance of high students. As a result, extracurricular activities participation for high students was demoralized in the early 1900s. Burnett (2000) provides an indepth review of the history and early developments of extracurricular activities in high schools.However, over the phone line of the last couple of decades, educational practitioners and exploreers have adopted a more than positive perspective of extracurricular activities with most of then contending that these activities positively impact psychological developments of students and at the selfsame(prenominal) time help improve academic performance. This change in perception is not unrelated to the large and growing body of research that have continually examined the links and relationships between extracurricular activities and academic performance of students using a abundant array of research methods and tools.To a large extent, the bulk of studies conducted on this topic over the course of time point to a positive relationship between extracurricular activities and a host of academic, kind and psychological outcomes, while in truth few of these studies report negative relationship. However, the primary problem with research in this domain of a function is that researchers have often adopted different variables in different research methods making generalization of the set up of extracurricular activities on academic and social performance of high students difficult to make.Relevant Theoretical belles -lettres The basic theoretical framework that beneathlies the various studies carried out in this field involves correlating students academic performance with their participation or lack of, in extracurricular activities. For example, in Galiher (2006), the causality collated data about the various extracurricular activities present in a particular high school and the list of students that figure in these activities.The course of instruction point aver geezerhoods (GPA) and accumulative grade point averages (CGPA) for these students was in addition collated and participation in extracurricular activities was then tally with students academic performance. The basic idea, generally, is that if participation in extracurricular activities positively impacts academic performance, then students involved with these activities would perform better academically, when other factors, such as age, IQ, gender, socio economic status etc have been controlled for.Analyzing the commonly used methodological designs in studying the relationship between social and academic performance and participation in extracurricular activities, Marsh and Kleitman (2002) observed that there are three research designs often employed by researchers. The premier involve a one-time data collection research design that correlates extracurricular activities with the selected outcome variables.The second also involved a one-time data collection design, but controls for background variables such as socioeconomic status, gender, and age before correlating extracurricular activities participation with the selected outcome variables while the third framework involve longitudinal studies where the same outcome variable are measured on multiple occasions so that the actual effect of extracurricular activities on the selected outcome variables are estimated after controlling for earlier outcomes (Marsh and Kleitman, 2002).While, according to Marsh and Kleitman, all of these frameworks are not perfe ct, they have all been used to show positive relationship between extracurricular activities and social and academic variables. Relevant Research In researching the relationships between extracurricular activities and students academic outcomes, researchers have want to delineate what constitutes extracurricular activity. In this light, extracurricular activities have been broadly divided into in-school and out-of-school activities. The divisions are self descriptive.Furthermore, out-of-school activities can be subdivided into structured and unoccupied activities. While structured activities have been described as activities that require active effort from the participating parties and provide an environment for expression of ones identity or engage in sports, performing arts, academic, and leadership activities(Eccles and Barber, 1999 quoted in Marsh and Kleitman, 2002), leisure activities are activities that enjoyable but not demanding (Marsh and Kleitman, 2002) e. g. driving around or talking to friends.Extracurricular activities have also been grouped into starchy and non-formal activities (Fujita, 2005). Here, formal activities refer to all structured and organized activity, irrespective of whether it is in-school or out-of-school, while non-formal activities refers basically to out-of-school leisure activities. From this classification, the influences of extracurricular activities on academic performance can be streamlined. For example, it is only reasonable that in-school structured activities bequeath better influence academic outcomes and thus increase GPA than out-of-school activities.In this sense, Gerber (1996) investigating the relationship between academic outcomes and the deuce type of extracurricular activities reported that there is a greater and more significant positive correlation between in-school extracurricular activity participation and GPA than for out-of school structured activities. This distinction between extracurricular acti vities notwithstanding, there is ample research studies that point to the academic and social improvement of extracurricular activities.In one of the early definitive studies carried out in this field, Marsh (1992) using a large longitudinal study that investigated the social and academic performance of students while in school and two years after graduation, reported that students who move intod in extracurricular activities were more likely to have high school satisfaction, higher internal locus of control meaning that students felt more in control of their lives higher social and academic self-concepts and higher educational and occupational aspirations in school and two years after completing high school (Marsh, 1999 Marsh and Kleitman, 2002).Several other studies have reported a positive correlation between participation in extracurricular activities and academic performance. For instance, Marsh and Kleitman after reviewing several preceding(prenominal) studies observed tha t extracurricular activities help in building and strengthening academic performance, even if the activities are not obviously related to academic subjects. Darling, Caldwell, and Smith (2005) after an extensive longitudinal study reported that students who participated in school-based extracurricular activities had higher grades compared to those who were not involved in any extracurricular activity.In a more specific study, Galiher (2006) investigated the relationship between students participation in extracurricular activities and their current grade point averages and cumulative grade point averages. The author did not only investigate this relationship, data was also analyzed to peck if there existed grade point increments with increasing participation in more than one extracurricular activities.The author concluded that Not only was the analysis consistent with the correlation data but also showed very clearly that students who were participating in one or more activity were getting better grades than students who were not involved in any school activities. The mean grade point average for students who participated in one or more activities was approximately one grade point higher than students who were not involved, which is equivalent to one letter grade (Galiher, 2006 11-12).This study showed, definitely, that there is a positive relationship between students participation in extracurricular activities and their academic performance (indicated by the GPA) and that with increasing participation, students are more likely to get higher grades. Implications for Practice With the decreasing educational achievement recorded in schools nationwide, educational practitioners and researchers are under pressure sensation to find ways to better improve the performance recorded in schools.With this increasing pressure on educators to perform, any factor that shows potential of improving academic performance deserves serious attention. Again, with the decrease in financial support available for public schools, coupled with the poor performance of schools, educational decision makers are often under intense pressure to make decisions concerning the continuance or removal of academic and extracurricular programs.From the above, it is apparent that research studies indicating positive correlation between participation in extracurricular activities have two major implications. First, it provides educators with a valid instrument for increasing the academic performance of students. The knowledge that students achieve greater academic and social outcomes with increase participation in extracurricular activities will definitely prompt educational practitioners to promote muscular and effective extracurricular activities tool for enhancing academic achievements.Two, it make the decision process easier for educational decision makers who have to decide concerning the continuation of extracurricular programs. Instead of rationalizing the removal or continuance extracurricular programs, decision makers will be more productively engaged with how to better harness the potentials of these programs. Implications for Inquiry Despite the several positive implications of extracurricular activities that have been reported in several studies, one major that deserves further investigation was raise by Hunt (2005).After studying the relationship between extracurricular activities and academic performance, the author reported no positive outcome, instead, he argued individuals who were academically sound at earlier ages were more likely to participate in extracurricular activities raising the question of whether extracurricular activities indeed influence academic performance or is a result of it. This area still deserves further study. SummaryIt has been argued that high school experiences provide an native platform for academic and non academic accomplishments, psychological growths, the foundation for subsequent higher education and future life. Thus, any factor that could possibly influence students ability to perform their best while in high school is worth investigating. Extracurricular activities constitute one of the factors that have been shown to influence students performance in high school. In this paper, several literatures on this topic were reviewed.To a large extent, it was shown that extracurricular activities participation improves students academic performance. Thus, students that participate in one or more extracurricular activities were more likely to have higher GPAs compared to students that did not participate at all.Work Cited Burnett, M. A. (2000). One strike and youre out An analysis of no pass/no renovate policies. laid-back School journal, 84(2) 1-6. Cairns, B. , Farmer, T. , and Mahoney, J. (2003). Promoting interpersonal competence and educational success through extracurricular activity participation. diary of educational Psychology, 95 409-419. Eccles, J. S. , and Barber, B. L. ( 1999). Student council, volunteering, basketball, or marching band What kind of extracurricular involvement matters? Journal of Adolescent Research, 14 10-43. Fujita, K (2005). The Effects of Extracurricular Activities on the Academic Performance of Junior high up Students. The Masters College. Available at http//www. kon. org/urc/v5/fujita. html Accessed June 21, 2008. Everson, T H and Roger E. M (2005). Everyone Gains Extracurricular Activities in High School and Higher SAT Scores. College Board Research Report No.2005-2. Galiher, S (2006). Understanding The Effect Of Extracurricular Involvement. Thesis. School of Education, Indiana University, South Bend. Marsh, H. W. (1992). Extracurricular activities Beneficial extension of the traditional curriculum or subversion of academic goals? Journal of Educational Psychology, 84 553-562. Marsh, W. H and Kleitman S (2002). Extracurricular school activities The good, the bad, and the nonlinear. Harvard Educational Review, 72(4) 464-510. McNeal, B. R (1995). Extracurricular Activities and High School Dropouts. Sociology of Education, 68(1) 62-80.

Strategic management Essay Example for Free

strategical instruction Essay entering Preparing an utile upshot tabooline In close strategic management stemmas, depicted objects be mapd extensively as a teaching tool. 1 A key undercoat is that episodes provide active influenceers with opport unities to subprogram the strategic management adjoin to identify and solve organisational businesss. Thus, by analysing lines that be described in good examples and presenting the results, active learners (that is, students) beat skilled at goodly using the tools, techniques and concepts that combine to sort the strategic management process.The theatrical roles that follow argon concerned with actual companies. Presented in spite of appearance the depicted objects are problems and blots that managers and those with whom they compute moldiness analyse and resolve. As you allow see, a strategic management national can focus on an entire industry, a single organisation or a business unit of a large, diversif y firm. The strategic management issues facing not-for-profit organisations also can be examined using the character analytic thinking regularity.Basically, the instance psychoanalysis method calls for a careful diagnosing of an organizations current conditions (as manifested by its away and internal environments) so that attach strategic saves can be recommended in light of the firms strategic flavour and strategic mission. Strategic actions are taken to heighten and indeed use a firms core competencies to give and implement different strategies, including business-level, corporatelevel, acquisition and restructuring, international and cooperative strategies.Thus, arrogate strategic actions help the firm to survive in the long run as it creates and uses competitive advantages as the foundation for achieving strategic competitiveness and earning above-average returns. The case method that we are recommending to you has a rich heritage as a pedagogical approach to the muse and understanding of managerial effectiveness. 2 As an active learner, your cooking is critical to successful use of the case analysis method.With appear careful study and analysis, active learners lack the insights essential to participate fully in the news of a firms situation and the strategic actions that are trance. Instructors submit different approaches in their application of the case analysis method. most require active learners/students to use a specific analytical procedure to examine an organisation others provide less structure, expecting students to learn by developing their testify anomalous analytical method.Still other teachers believe that a moderately incorporate framework should be used to analyse a firms situation and make appropriate recommendations. Your lecturer or tutor will determine the specific approach you take. The approach we are presenting to you is a moderately structured framework. We divide our discussion of a moderately structured ca se analysis method framework into four departments. First, we describe the importance of understanding the skills active learners can acquire finished effective use of the case analysis method.In the second section, we provide you with a process-oriented framework. This framework can be of value in your efforts to analyse cases and then present the results of your work. Using this framework in a schoolroom setting yields valuable generates that can, in turn, help you to successfully complete assignments that you will receive from your employer. The third section is where we describe briefly what you can expect to occur during in- course of study case discussions.As this description shows, the relationship and interactions amongst instructors and active learners/students during case discussions are different than they are during lectures. In the final section, we Introduction Preparing an effective case analysis present a moderately structured framework that we believe can help you to misrepresent effective oral and written presentations. Written and oral communication skills also are valued advancedly in many organisational settings hence, their festering today can serve you well in the future. Skills gained through use of the case analysis method.The case analysis method is ground on a philosophy that combines fellowship acquisition with strong date from students as active learners. In the words of Alfred North Whitehead, this philosophy rejects the ism that students had commencement ceremony learned passively, and then, having learned should apply experience. 3 In contrast to this philosophy, the case analysis method is based on principles that were elaborated upon by John Dewey Only by wrestling with the conditions of this problem at hand, seeking and finding his own way come out of the closet, does the student think If he cannot devise his own consequence (not, of course, in isolation, but in correspondence with the teacher and other pupil s) and find his own way out he will not learn, not in time if he can recite nighwhat reconcile answer with a hundred percent accuracy. 4 The case analysis method involves reality into the classroom. When create and presented effectively, with rich and interesting stop, cases keep conceptual discussions grounded in reality. Experience shows that simple fictional accounts of situations and collections of actual organisational selective development and articles from usual sources are not as effective for learning as fully developed cases.A comprehensive case presents you with a partial clinical study of a real-life situation that faced managers as well as other stakeholders, including employees. A case presented in narrative form provides motivation for involvement with and analysis of a specific situation. By framing alternative strategic actions and by confronting the complexity and ambiguity of the practical world, case analysis provides extraordinary power for your involv ement with a personal learning experience. Some of the potential consequences of using the case method are summarised in face 1.As Exhibit 1 suggests, the case analysis method can assist active learners in the development of their analytical and judiciousness skills. field of study analysis also helps you learn how to ask the right questions. By this we mean questions that focus on the core strategic issues that are included in a case. Active learners/students with managerial aspirations can alter their ability to identify underlying problems rather than focusing on superficial symbols as they develop skills at asking probing yet appropriate questions.The collection of cases your instructor chooses to assign can expose you to a wide variety of organisations and closing situations. This approach vicariously broadens your experience base and provides insights into many types of managerial situations, tasks and responsibilities. much(prenominal) indirect experience can help you to make a more(prenominal) informed career decision rough the industry and managerial situation you believe will prove to be challenging and satisfying. Finally, experience in analysing cases definitely enhances your problemsolving skills, and re research indicates that the case method for this class is better than the lecture method.5 Furthermore, when your instructor requires oral and written presentations, your communication skills will be honed through use of the case method. Of course, these added skills depend on your dressing as C-4 Exhibit 1 Consequences of student involvement with the case method 1 fibre analysis requires students to practise all-important(a) managerial skillsdiagnosing, making decisions, observing, listening and persuadingwhile preparing for a case discussion. 2 Cases require students to relate analysis and action, to develop realistic and concrete actions despite the complexity and partial experience characterising the situation being studied.3 Stu dents must confront the intractability of realitycomplete with absence of necessitate teaching, an imbalance between needs and available resources, and conflicts among competing objectives. 4 Students develop a general managerial psyche of viewwhere responsibility is sensitive to action in a diverse environmental context. Source C. C. Lundberg and C. Enz, 1993, A framework for student case preparation, Case Research Journal, 13 (Summer), p. 134. Introduction Preparing an effective case analysis well as your instructors facilitation of learning.However, the primary responsibility for learning is yours. The step of case discussion is generally ac realizeledged to require, at a minimum, a thorough mastery of case facts and somewhat independent analysis of them. The case method therefore first requires that you read and think carefully some each case. Additional comments about the preparation you should complete to successfully discuss a case depend in the next section. Student p reparation for case discussion If you are inexperienced with the case method, you whitethorn need to alter your study habits.A lecture-oriented course may not require you to do intensive preparation for each class period. In such(prenominal) a course, you have the latitude to work through assigned readings and review lecture notes according to your own schedule. However, an assigned case requires significant and conscientious preparation before class. Without it, you will be unable to contribute meaningfully to in-class discussion. Therefore, careful reading and thinking about case facts, as well as reasoned analyses and the development of alternative solutions to case problems, are essential.Recommended alternatives should run reproduciblely from core problems identified through study of the case. Exhibit 2 shows a set of locomote that can help you to familiarise yourself with a case, identify problems and propose strategic actions that increase the probability that a firm will achieve strategic competitiveness and earn above-average returns. C-5 Exhibit 2 An effective case analysis process grade 1 Gaining familiarity a. In general determine who, what, how, where and when (the critical facts of the case). b. In detail identify the places, persons, activities and contexts of the situation.c. Step 2 Recognising symptoms Recognise the degree of certainty/uncertainty of acquired information. a. List all indicators (including verbalize problems) that something is not as expected or as desired. b. Ensure that symptoms are not assumed to be the problem (symptoms should lead to identification of the problem). Step 3 Identifying goals a. Identify critical statements by major parties (e. g. people, groups, the work unit, etc. ). b. List all goals of the major parties that exist or can be reasonably inferred. Step 4 Conducting the analysis a. Decide which ideas, models and theories seem useful.b. Apply these conceptual tools to the situation. c. Step 5 Making t he diagnosis As new information is revealed, cycle back to sub-steps (a) and (b). a. Identify predicaments (goal inconsistencies). b. Identify c. Step 6 Doing the action planning c. problems (discrepancies between goals and performance). Prioritise predicaments/problems regarding timing, importance, etc. a. Specify and prioritise the criteria used to choose action alternatives. b. expose or invent feasible action alternatives. Examine the probable consequences of action alternatives. d. Select a course of action.e. Design an implementation plan/schedule. f. Create a plan for assessing the action to be implemented. Source C. C. Lundberg and C. Enz, 1993, A framework for student case preparation, Case Research Journal, 13 (Summer), p. 144. Introduction Preparing an effective case analysis Gaining familiarity Identifying goals The third step of effective case analysis calls for you to identify the goals of the major organisations, business units and/or individuals in a case. As approp riate, you should also identify each firms strategic intent and strategic mission.Typically, these direction-setting statements (goals, strategic intents and strategic missions) are derived from comments made by central characters in the organisation, business unit or top management team as described in the case and/or from public documents (for example, an annual report). Completing this step successfully can sometimes be difficult. Nonetheless, the outcomes you attain from this step are essential to an effective case analysis because identifying goals, intent and mission helps you to clarify the major problems featured in a case and to evaluate alternative solutions to those problems.Directionsetting statements are not always stated publicly or prepared in written format. When this occurs, you must infer goals from other available factual data and information. C-6 The first step of an effective case analysis process calls for you to become familiar with the facts featured in the c ase and the focal firms situation. Initially, you should become familiar with the focal firms general situation (for example, who, what, how, where and when). Thorough familiarisation demands appreciation of the nuances, as well as the major issues, in the case.Gaining familiarity with a situation requires you to study several situational levels, including interactions between and among individuals within groups, business units, the corporate office, the local community and the society at large. Recognising relationships within and among levels facilitates a more thorough understanding of the specific case situation. It is also important that you evaluate information on a continuum of certainty. Information that is verifiable by several sources and judged along similar dimensions can be classified as a fact.Information representing someones perceptual judgement of a contingent situation is referred to as an inference. Information gleaned from a situation that is not verifiable is c lassified as speculation. Finally, information that is independent of verifiable sources and arises through individual or group discussion is an assumption. Obviously, case analysts and organisational decision makers pick out having access to facts over inferences, speculations and assumptions.Personal feelings, judgements and opinions evolve when youare analysing a case. It is important to be aware of your own feelings about the case and to evaluate the accuracy of perceived facts to ensure that the objectivity of your work is maximised. Conducting the analysis The quaternate step of effective case analysis is concerned with acquiring a systematic understanding of a situation. Occasionally cases are analysed in a less-thanthorough manner. Such analyses may be a intersection point of a busy schedule or of the difficulty and complexity of the issues described in a particular case.sometimes you will face pressures on your limited amounts of time and may believe that you can underst and the situation described in a case without systematic analysis of all the facts. However, experience shows that familiarity with a cases facts is a necessary, but insufficient, step in the development of effective solutions solutions that can enhance a firms strategic competitiveness. In fact, a lessthan-thorough analysis typically results in an emphasis on symptoms, rather than on problems and their causes. To analyse a case effectively, you should be sceptical of quick or flourishing approaches and answers.A systematic analysis helps you to understand a situation and determine what can work and in all probability what will not work. Key linkages and underlying causal networks based on the history of the firm become apparent. In this way, you can separate causal networks from symptoms. Also, because the quality of a case analysis depends on applying appropriate tools, it is important that you use the ideas, models and theories that seem to be useful for evaluating and solving individual and unique situations. As you knock over facts and symptoms, a useful Recognising symptoms.Recognition of symptoms is the second step of an effective case analysis process. A symptom is an indication that something is not as you or someone else thinks it should be. You may be tempted to correct the symptoms instead of clear-cut for true problems. True problems are the conditions or situations requiring solution before the performance of an organisation, business unit or individual can improve. Identifying and listing symptoms early in the case analysis process tends to reduce the lure to label symptoms as problems.The focus of your analysis should be on the actualcauses of a problem, rather than on its symptoms. Thus, it is important to remember that symptoms are indicators of problems subsequent work facilitates discovery of critical causes of problems that your case recommendations must address. Introduction Preparing an effective case analysis theory may become app arent. Of course, having familiarity with conceptual models may be important in the effective analysis of a situation. Successful students and successful organisational strategists add to their intellectual tool kits on a continual basis.What to expect from in-class case discussions Classroom discussions of cases differ significantly from lectures. The case method calls for instructors to get hold of the discussion, sanction student participation and solicit alternative views. When alternative views are not forthcoming, instructors typically adopt one view so that students can be challenged to respond to it thoughtfully. Often students work is evaluated in ground of both the measurement and the quality of their contributions to in-class case discussions.Students benefit by having their views judged against those of their peers and by responding to challenges by other class members and/or the instructor. During case discussions, instructors listen, question and probe to extend th e analysis of case issues. In the course of these actions, peers or the instructor may challenge an individuals views and the validity of alternative perspectives that have been expressed. These challenges are offered in a constructive manner their intent is to help students develop their analytical and communication skills.Instructors should encourage students to be innovative and original in the development and presentation of their ideas. Over the course of an individual discussion, students can develop a more complex view of the case, benefiting from the diverse inputs of their peers and instructor. Among other benefits, experience with multiple-case discussions should help students to increase their knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of group decision-making processes. Student peers as well as the instructor value comments that contribute to the discussion.To offer applicable contributions, you areencouraged to use independent thought and, through discussions with y our peers outside of class, to refine your thinking. We also encourage you to avoid using I think, I believe and I feel to discuss your inputs to a case analysis process. Instead, consider using a less emotion-laden phrase, such as My analysis shows. This highlights the logical nature of the approach you have taken to complete the six steps of an effective case analysis process. When preparing for an in-class case discussion, you should plan to use the case data to apologise your assessment of the situation.Assume that your peers and instructor know the case facts. In addition, it is good practice to prepare notes before class discussions and use them as you explain your view. Effective notes signal to classmates and the instructor that you are prepared to engage in a thorough discussion of a case. Moreover, C-7 Making the diagnosis The fifth step of effective case analysis diagnosis is the process of identifying and clarifying the roots of the problems by comparing goals with fa cts. In this step, it is useful to search for predicaments. Predicaments are situations in which goals do not fit with known facts.When you evaluate the actual performance of an organisation, business unit or individual, you may identify over- or underachievement (relative to established goals). Of course, single-problem situations are rare. Accordingly, you should recognise that the case situations you study probably will be complex in nature. Effective diagnosis requires you to determine the problems affecting longer-term performance and those requiring immediate handling. Understanding these issues will aid your efforts to prioritise problems and predicaments, given available resources and existing constraints.Doing the action planning The final step of an effective case analysis process is called action planning. Action planning is the process of identifying appropriate alternative actions. In the action planning step, you select the criteria you will use to evaluate the identif ied alternatives. You may derive these criteria from the analyses typically, they are related to key strategic situations facing the focal organisation. Furthermore, it is important that you prioritise these criteria to ensure a wise and effective evaluation of alternative courses of action.Typically, managers satisfice when selecting courses of action that is, they find acceptable courses of action that meet most of the chosen evaluation criteria. A rule of thumb that has proved valuable to strategic decision makers is to select an alternative that leaves other plausible alternatives available if the one selected fails. Once you have selected the best alternative, you must doom an implementation plan. Developing an implementation plan serves as a reality check on the feasibleness of your alternatives.Thus, it is important that you give thoughtful consideration to all issues associated with the implementation of the selected alternatives. Introduction Preparing an effective case a nalysis Exhibit 3 Types of thinking in case preparation Analysis and synthesis C-8 125 000 Sources Income figures are approximate and based on A. Chatterjee, 1998, Marketing to the superrich, Business Today (Living Media India Ltd), 22 April W. Berryman and J. McManus, 1998, India Turning the elephant economy, individual Business Weekly, 24 June.offered spicier sauces, such as McMasala and McImli (made from tamarind). Other elements of the circuit card, such as chicken nuggets, fillet lean sandwiches, fries, sodas and take outshakes, were in common with the rest of the McDonalds system. In 1998, McDonalds India set up a transportation development team to collect consumer feedback. Subsequently, the team came up with its menu vision, and new products since then have been based on this vision. The adaptation of the schema went well beyond the menu, encompassing many aspects of the restaurant management system. cardinal different menu boards were displayed ineach restaurant gre en for vegetarian products and purple for non-vegetarian products. Behind the counter, restaurant kitchens had separate, utilize preparation areas for the meat and non-meat products. The kitchen crew (in charge of cooking) had different uniforms to distinguish their roles and did not work at the vegetarian and non-vegetarian send on the same day, thus ensuring clear segregation. The wrapping of vegetarian and non-vegetarian food took place separately. These extra steps were taken to assure Indian customers of the unharmedsomeness of both products and their preparation.To convince Indian customers that the companionship would not serve beef and would adore the culinary habits of its clientele, McDonalds printed brochures explaining all these steps and took customers on kitchen tours. McDonalds positioned itself as a family restaurant. The average bell of a Combo meal, which included burger, fries and Coke, varied from Rs 76 for a vegetarian meal to Rs 88 for a Maharaja Mac meal . This could be compared with KFC meal expenses at Rs 59 (Crispy Burger, regular fries and large Pepsi) and Rs 79 (KFC Chicken, Colonel Burger and regular Pepsi).McDonalds Happy repast, which included a complimentary toy, was priced at Rs 46. The prices in India were lower than in Sri Lanka or Pakistan, and even the price of the Maharaja Mac was 50 per cent less than an equivalent product in the United States. To fight its premium image among the public, the company undertook selective price cutting and ran some periodic promotions. In February 1999, the company was oblation economeals for as low as Rs 29. The company reduced the price of vegetable nuggets from Rs 29 to Rs 19 and that of its soft-serve ice-cream cone from Rs 16 to Rs 7.Apparently, this still afforded McDonalds a healthy strand (40 per cent for cones). As Vikram Bakshi, explained, I will never become unaffordable, as I will not then be able to build up volumes. The lower price could be attributed to two factors t he set strategies of MNC rivals as well as mid-range local restaurants, and the development of a local (low-cost) supply chain. McDonalds price strategies, as well as exceptional promotions, were influenced by rivals. In February 1999, several competitors were running special promotions, with KFC offering a meal inclusive of chicken, rice and gravy for Rs 39.For Rs 350, Pizza Hut was offering a whole family meal, including two medium pizzas, bread and Pepsi. Wimpys was offering Case 8 McDonalds enlargement strategies in India mega meals at Rs 35. A typical vegetarian set meal, or thali (which included Indian breads, rice, vegetables and yogurt) at a mid-range restaurant cost around Rs 50, which was considerably lower than a McDonalds meal. Some analysts believed that that by introducing loss leaders (for example, cones), McDonalds wanted to highlight good value for all its products. Whether customers attracted by special promotions pay repeat visits to McDonalds remains to be see n.In October 2000, the company introduced two new Indianised products to its menu the Chicken McGrill and the Veg Pizza McPuff. At that point in time, 75 per cent of the menu in India was unique that is, different from the rest of the McDonalds system. The Chicken McGrill had a grilled chicken patty topped with onions and expunge sauce, to give it an Indian flavour. The Veg Pizza was a takeoff on the popular Indian samosa (potato-based curry puff) with differences in shape (rectangular) and stuffing (capsicum, onions and Mozarella cheese with tomato sauce).In keeping with the low pricing strategy in India, these items were priced at Rs 25 and Rs 16, respectively. With its value pricing and localised menu, McDonalds had attracted some loyal customers. One such customer said, A normal kebab, with all the trimmings, at a regular restaurant would cost more than Rs 25 and if the new McGrill is giving us a similar satisfaction with its mint chutney (sauce), then wed rather eat in a liv ely McDonalds outlet than sitting in a cramped car on the road. Some elements of the promotional strategy remained the same as in other parts of the world.One instance of this included the emphasis on attracting children. A Happy Meal film was consistently shown on the Cartoon Network and the Zee (a local channel) Disney Hour. McDonalds also teamed up with Delhi Traffic Police and the Delhi Fire Service to highlight safety issues, again trying to create gracility among schoolchildren. In October 1999, in conjunction with The Walt Disney Company and UNESCO, McDonalds launched a search for Millennium Dreamers. The program would bring together 2 000 young people from around the globe who had made a positive and significant impact on their communities.Based on the number of its outlets, India was allocated two representatives. By June 2000, the company had started rolling out its first national campaign, as it was expanding beyond Mumbai and New Delhi. The campaign, budgeted at Rs 100 million, was expected to highlight (in phased order) the stigma (the experience that there is something special about McDonalds), food quality and variety. The company also ran special promotions during festivals, and vegetarian days, and was even developing garlicfree sauces to bring in hard-core vegetarian traffic.In terms of the selection of cities, McDonalds followed the same strategy in India as in the rest of the world. Its initial focus on Mumbai and Delhi was driven by the succeeding(a) factors they were the two largest cities in India their citizens enjoyed relatively high income levels compared to the rest of the country and they were exposed to unusual food and culture. afterward establishing a presence in the leading cities, McDonalds then moved to smaller satellite towns climb the metropolitan cities (for example, from Delhi to Gurgaon and Noida, both suburbs of Delhi, and from Mumbai to Pune).McDonalds often found that there were positive spillover effects, in ter ms of its reputation, from the metropolitan cities to the satellite towns. In Jaipur, the company was hoping to attract foreign tourists. C-125 Developing the supply chain McDonalds search for Indian suppliers started as early as 1991. Its initial challenge was to develop local suppliers who could deliver quality raw materials, regularly and on schedule. In the five-and-a-half years until start-up, McDonalds spent as much as Rs 500 million (US$12. 8 million) to set up a supply network, distribution centres and logistics support.By mid-2000, some estimates placed the total investment in the supply chain at almost Rs 3 billion. topical anesthetic suppliers, Exhibit 6 McDonalds supply chain in India Phillaur (sauces) Dehradun (lettuce) Nainital (lettuce) Taloja (veg. nuggets) Thane Pune (lettuce) Ooty (lettuce) Baramati (cheese) Hyderabad (mutton patties) Venkatapur (pickles) Cochin Supplier locations Distribution centres Case 8 McDonalds expansion strategies in India distributors an d joint venture partners and employees had to match the restaurant chains quality and hygiene standards before they became part of its system.McDonalds experience in identifying and cultivating the supplier of lettuce provided an excellent illustration of the difficulties involved. In 1991, hardly any iceberg lettuce was grown in India, except for a small quantity grown around Delhi during the winter months. McDonalds identified a lettuce supplier (Mangesh Kumar from Ootacamund in Tamilnadu, a southerly state) and helped him in a broad range of activities, from seed selection to advice on farming practices. In the case of several other suppliers, such as Cremica Industries which supplied the sesame seed buns, McDonalds helped them to gain access to foreign technology.In another instance, it encouraged Dynamix, the supplier of cheese, to establish a program for milk procurement by investing in bulk milk collection and chilling centres. This, in turn, led to higher milk yields and ove rall collections, as well as to an improvement in milk quality. McDonalds ended up with a geographically diverse sourcing network, with buns coming from northern India, chicken and cheese from western India, and lettuce and pickles from gray India. There were as many as 40 suppliers in the companys supply chain. (See Exhibit 6 for McDonalds supply chain.) A dedicated distribution system was established to match the suppliers doing and delivery schedules with the restaurants needs. The first two centralised distribution centres were set up go about Mumbai and at Cochin (in the southernmost part of India) in joint ventures with two local retailers, both of whom had to learn from international distributors of McDonalds products how the restaurant chain handled distribution worldwide and, especially, how to enhance the quality of storage operations. The company estimated that each distribution centre could service about 25 outlets.McDonalds strove to keep the storage volumes of produ cts high in order to exploit all possible economies of scale. The distribution centres were also expected to maintain scroll records and to interact with suppliers and the logistics firm to ensure that their freezers were well stocked. Said Amit Jatia, The most important part of our operations was the development of a cold chain the process of procurement, warehousing, transportation and retailing of food products under controlled temperatures. There is a great deal no need for a knife in any restaurant.All the chopping and food processing is do in the plants. Only the actual cooking takes place in the restaurants. Even with the suppliers and distribution system in place, McDonalds needed a distribution link to move raw materials to its restaurants. Logistics management was contracted out to AFL Logistics itself a 5050 joint venture between Air Freight (a Mumbai-based firm) and FX Coughlin of the United States, McDonalds international logistics provider. AFL logistics was respo nsible for the temperature-controlled movement of all products (by rail, road or air, as appropriate) from individ.

Free

Freedom, strength, sculptural relief EssayGuilty, freedom, strength, relief. As soon as the judge said this single, amazingly powerful word, these forgotten feelings rush through me. I had finally got my revenge. The confusion lead me to let out tearful sighs of joy and explosive outcries of relief. The man who had made my adult life a misery and ruined my teenage memories didnt have any domination over my thoughts or feelings anymore. From going ahead with the prosecution I felt satisfied that no other innocent teenager or harmless child would have to worry about this event evil, pathetic man ever going near him or her again. It had taken twenty years for me to get going up the courage to prosecute but it was worth it. My personality is now like it was, Im outgoing, less affectionate and Ive learnt to trust people. I just hope no one has to go through what I did. When my spawn sent me to Lowood boarding school after average results in my first year at a state school, I fo und it difficult to make new fri peculiaritys because firstly the clothes that my mother insisted I wore at weekends were not the most fashionable and the fact that I was the weakest academically in my class resulted in low self esteem.So I was thirteen and had few friends so to speak of. I could unaccompanied assume that it was because of the introvert personality, my mother always said I had. She implied that my shortage of friends was a hereditary condition, snapping at me the few times I complained, I was never short of friends, that problem must have seminal fluid from your fathers side of the family. I didnt have a good relationship with my mother or father qualification it hard to tell them anything especially about the abuse I was about to suffer.It was the week of my thirteenth birthday, towards the end of my second term at Lowood when I heard the inauspicious words for the first time. Can Amelia brownish please report to the headmasters office. I sat at my desk start led as the whole class turned their perfect heads of neatly plaited hair towards me. All I saw was a handful of glaring eye and disgusted expressions as the teacher not thinking of the humiliation I was going through advised the class I would be missing certain lessons to go to remedial classes.I nervously travel rapidly from the back of the classroom to the door keeping my stinging eyes focused straight in attend of me apart from the when I felt a cold, trembling hand gently touching my arm. I chop-chop glanced down to see a slightly nervous but appreciated smile from a lady friend hiding behind her enormous glasses. The courage of the unfortunate girl inspired me and by the time I reached the arched doorway I felt less isolated mentally.But the stiffness of the door worry meant that I struggled to open the beautifully carved, arch shaped door making me once again, embarrassed to be who I was, helpless, thick Amelia Brown. Once I had left the classroom I shamefully proceeded d own the long, dusky corridor, walking past various portraits and photos of past headmasters and scholars. Their stern expressions encouraged me to walk faster. It was a lovely day but the small windows close to the high ceiling only attempted to let in the sunshine, they didnt succeed.

Midterm Learning Reflection Essay Example for Free

midterm examination examination Learning Reflection EssayIntroduction.You should print this out, although you may alike use it as a guidebook to type over. You entrust be create verbally two grammatical constructions this term a midterm reflection and a final reflection. The final reflection is the one you want to consider ultimately on your portfolio. Both your midterm and final learning reflections must be 700 to 1000 words, which is approximately two to three MLA-formatted pages. You can conquer your word count by going to Tools/Word Count on the menu bar. Style and Format.The writing style of the learning reflection is primarily expressive, but will also contain narrative elements. You do not enquire a whole shebang Cited page unless you cite nighthing. So, if, for example, you cite song lyrics, one of our texts, a poem, or even a work of art, then you need a Works Cited page. Ive include one here to serve you for formatting purposes. File formats. We are going t o be learning how to replace Word documents to pdf format so that they load more easily in a browser window. If you can, enchant practice with one or both of the following two methods, which are what I use (they are free). 1. Install a free pdf converter.These are not truly free in that they either pres authentic you to look at few advertising or they add a line on for each one page advertising the manufacturer of the software. I dont commit a problem with either of these and gladly suffer by means of the free advertising every time I convert a file to pdf, which I do all the time. The one I use to create all the pdf files for my classes is at http//www.pdf995.com/download.html. Download both the Pdf995 Printer Driver and the Free Converter (they are both free they are required to work together, but for some reason, they are two separate downloads). After you go through the download and installation process, every time you want to create a pdf file from Word, all you need t o do is select File/Print and then chose PDF995, which will show up as a printer.When you initiate this process of creating a pdf file, you will be prompted for a place to save the file, as tumefy as a file name. Be careful to save the file to your H drive or, if to your C drive, to ftp (transfer) it over to your H drive later. You will notice that some advertisements come up as the conversion process occurs. Thats the price you pay for the free conversion software. 2. The other pdf-conversion method I like is to use the free OpenOffice word processing software.This software should be in our labs. You can also download it for free on your own computer, from http//www.openoffice.org/. This is basically an open-source version of Microsoft Office.Once youve installed it (its outsized and takes a while to install), you can open any Word document with the OpenOffice word processing program (Open Document). Some of the original Word formatting may be lost especially the header selec tive information with your last name and page number. You will need to add that back in be sure you do it correctly. When youre satisfied with the format, there is a little pdf icon on the toolbar that you can click, and that will automatically convert the document to pdf format.Learning Reflection Content.What should you handle in your reflection? In general, you discuss what youve learned, what youve done especially well, what youve enjoyed and the challenges youve encountered and how you might make changes in the future. Here are some suggestions for what to write close to Your experience transitioning from high school (or wherever you were previously) to a freshman in college, focusing on how you have grown as an individual and an independent student. Your experience in this particular course your year-long freshman inquiry. In this regard, you should probably focus on the University Studies goals and the ways in which you have grown and developed with respect to those goa ls. I would expect that other courses have also contributed to the goal areas, so you might want to highlight any that have been particularly useful in that regard. Other experiences as a student here at Portland State. Portland State Universitys mission is Let Knowledge Serve the City, which reflects the fact that we are an urban university. What have you learned with respect to community, diversity, and the connection between a learning community (the university) and the city in which it is locate? Keep in mind that you may have acquired valuable experiences outside of the classroom, but still connected to your identity as a student.o Perhaps you have learned important lessons about learn and time management as a student athlete, which may serve you well when you enter the workforce. o Maybe your involvement in activities with other students such as taking dance classes or performing in the band or spending hours in an art studio or toughing out chemistry and physics labs ha s improved your personal skills and brought to light new areas of interest, which youve pursued in your free time.o Or perhaps youve found out that you are a loner, that you havent connected very well with a band of the people in your classes. As you reflect on this (or any other conclusions that some maybe you might consider, well, depressing), think of this is an opportunity to think of ways to make some changes in the future. A reflection, in other words, should include a self-assessment element as well as thinking along the lines of What could I do better or differently in the future? Consider the challenges youve faced, how youve overcome them, or how youd like to overcome them in the future.Conclusion.Your reflection should end in a way that gives the reader the sense that you are closing up a chapter in your life and ready to move on, with some ideas in mind of what you might do differently. My suggestion is that you do not spend a lot of time critiquing the world around you after all, you cant change that very much. Confine your reflection to you and what you have learned and experienced. Dwelling on what you dont like about a presumptuousness course or program is not a reflection about you, but about something else.Works CitedEakin, Paul John. How Our Lives Become Stories Making Selves. Ithaca andLondon Cornell UP, 1999. Fiske, John. Popular Culture. Critical Terms for Literary Study. Ed. Frank Lentricchia and doubting Thomas McLaughlin. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1995. 321 335. Harrison, Claire. Hypertext Links Whither Thou Goest, and Why. First Monday. 7 Oct. 2002. 10 Feb. 2004 .