Beowulf – Defining God

BEOWULF Defining God The epic poem of Beowulf is truly one-of-a-kind. What different old world poem bottom lay claim to withholding its own pagan roots and references while being transcribed by a Christian poet? Like former(a)wise poems of the old world, Beowulfs story has its beginnings in oral tradition. Around 850 AD the stories were culminated and written down in the Anglo-Saxon language of the time by a Christian poet. The poet doesnt let the concomitant that they were Christian severely affect the poem either.That does non mean that his opinions atomic number 18 kept quiet. There are plenty of references to the Christian God passim the entire poem. It makes you wonder exactly how many different ways can someone refer to Almighty God1314. And let us not forget the ubiquitous Bible lesson And from Cain there sprang misbegotten spirits, among them Grendel, the banished and accursed1265-1266. provided our poet does not loose sight that these people are pagans with this ref erence s he advanced, hurrying to address the Prince of Ingwins1318-1319. Ingwins are the friends/worshipers of the god Ing in other words the Danes of this poem. Being pagan, they are also unaware of the origins of the misbegotten as observe when Hrothgar says They are fatherless creatures, and their whole ancestry is hidden in a past of demons and ghosts 1355-1356. Give credit where credit is due, the poet remained true to both religions without compensating for the other praise God1398. OK, which one?

The Effects of Civil War in Kurdistan

Pshtiwan Abdulla Oct 30, 2010 Writing composition Mr. Gray The Effects of cultivated War in Kurdistan Generally talking about contend pull up stakes remind us lots of incredible actions that have been happened to near(prenominal) nations. civic war is bingle of the most pernicious wars that brings calamity to a nation. As m whatever new(prenominal) countries, cultivated war in Kurdistan left many incorrigible issues which some of them legato exist. Some of these problems are huge restriction in the way of development in Kurdistan. Gaining supremacy and disclaiming each other between the deuce dominant parties were the factors to befall this ruinous war.During the cultivated war, Kurdish people were encountered many social, economical and semipolitical crises. Some of the prejudicious do that Kurdish civil war had were, dividing the Kurdish authorities, leaving native soil, losing unlimited of people, creating instability of economic growth and coming external interfe rences. Dividing the government into 2 parts in Kurdistan was one of the biggest troubles that harmed people. In that time, Kurdistan was divided into two governments, Sulaimani government and Hawler government, that each of them had its own conditions and rules.Having two antagonist local governments facilitated the way for doing some crimes and criminal actions. For example, if a man who had committed a sin or robbery in one of the regions, he could escape there and curb in the opposite region without any threat. The governments were not judging anyone who had through with(p) a fault in the contrary government. Furthermore, some families had no come across to stay in a part that their party had left, so thousands of families were oblige to date their homes and businesses. Immigration and leaving motherland was another dreadful affects that civil war left.Young generation, who is the dynamic force in all societies, left their acres and settled in European countries. Thereup on, Kurdistan doomed the majority of its superlative class, and it was one of the weakest points of the progression of Kurdish society. Losing their home and businesses be suit of the war pushed people to immig target and leave their birthplace. In that time, almost all families had lost a son or a member of their family, and parents believed that sending the rest of their sons to overseas countries would save them. some of the migrants were killed in the borders and drowned in the European seas.Some of these immigrants still have no citizenship and any valid answer to stay there. Thousands of people in both sides were tough in the war, and it was the cause of killing a myriad fig of people. Losing this huge number of people especially young people is still a giant barrier to unifying both regions. Even though, the two preceding governments are unified now, but it is still obvious that each party governs its own region. Besides, it created enmity among families, and some of the m are waiting for an occasion to revenge each other.Fourteen years after war, some families scare of return to their locations, and they still live in some cities where are not belong to them. another(prenominal) big effect of losing this people is that a vast number of children lost their fathers and grew up in orphan hood. They were the first victim of civil war because many of them ran into poverty they gave up their education and had to work to help their families. At that time, Kurdistan was a battlefield, and it was an insecure region to economic investments. Businessmen and industrialists were scared to have a bun in the oven their business because there was no warranty to save their assets.Also, because of instability and insecurity, extraneous manufacturers and Businessmen were scared to investment in Kurdistan. Commerce between Kurdistan and inhabit countries was the only trade that Kurdish tradesmen were doing. Most of these trades were contraband that people were tra il in the borders. Furthermore, some of the private and public industrial units were demolished. For example, the powerhouse of Dukan which was giving the electricity for almost twenty cities was disabled by one of the two parties. Having lots of military checkpoints between the cities was another impediment that was harming the merchants.Also, misspending an immense issue forth of public money and using it to buying armaments was another factor that decrease the growth of economic in Kurdistan. Civil war facilitated many shipway to coming external interferences into Kurdistan. Foreign countries especially neighbor countries had many negative impacts on Kurdish politics. They interfered almost in every area such(prenominal) as economy, security, social affairs and politics. For example, during the war in 1996, PDK requested Iraqi central government to send its troops to Kurdistan and fight against PUK.After that, in the alike year, PUK demanded Iranian government to help them i n fighting against PDK. Raising the rate of overseas intervenes got a point that Iranian spies terrorized thousands of members of Iranian Kurdish political parties who have settled in this part of Kurdistan. Overall, civil war in Kurdistan had many negative impacts on Kurdish people, and there were many tragedies that go out never be forgotten in the peoples memory. Economical, political and social crises were the difficulties that approach Kurdish people during the civil war.Facing lots of hardships created numerous of problems that some of them are irremediable and still exist. The civil war was the most effective cause to evolve many dreadful and harmful actions. Brothers against brothers and losing a limitless number of young people are an injury that still has many noxious influences on Kurdish society. Bisecting government, leaving home, losing people, instability and exterior interferences were the effects that civil war left, and they damaged many achievements that Kurdis h people had achieved.

Digital Fortress Chapter 37

Downstairs at the Alfonso XIII, Becker wandered tiredly over to the obviate. A dwarf-like mixologist set a napkin in front of him. Que bebe Usted? What are you swallow?Nothing, thanks, Becker replied. I need to know if there are any clubs in townspeople for punk rockers?The barkeep eyed him strangely. Clubs? For punks?Yeah. Is there anyplace in town where they all hangout?No lo se, senor. I dont now. But sure enough not here He smiled. How about a drink?Becker matte like shaking the guy. Nothing was going quite the way hed planned.?Quiere Vd. algo? The bartender repeated. ?FinoJerez?Faint strains of classical music were being piped in overhead. Brandenburg Concertos, Becker thought. Number four. He and Susan had seen the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields play the Brandenburgs at the university last year. He suddenly wished she were with him now. The breeze from an overhead air-conditioning vent reminded Becker what it was like outside. He image himself walking the sweaty, d rugged-out streets of Triana looking for some punk in a British flag T-shirt. He thought of Susan again. Zumo de arandano, he heard himself say. Cranberry juice.The bartender looked baffled. pilot? Cranberry juice was a popular drink in Spain, but drinking it alone was unheard of.Si. Becker said. Solo.?Echo un poco de Smirnoff? The bartender pressed. A splash of vodka?No, gracias.? gratis? he coaxed. On the house?Through the pounding in his head, Becker project the filthy streets of Triana, the stifling heat, and the long night ahead of him. What the hell. He nodded. Si, echame un poco de vodka.The bartender seemed much relieved and hustled off to make the drink.Becker glanced around the ornate bar and wondered if he was dreaming. Anything would make more sense than the truth. Im a university teacher, he thought, on a secret mission.The bartender returned with a flourish and presented Beckers beverage. A su gusto, senor. Cranberry with a splash of vodka.Becker thanked him. He took a sip and gagged. Thats a splash?

Chiaroscuro: The Beauty in a World of Gloomy Grey

Defined as a proficiency of contrasting colored and commence to high fair elements at heart a entrap of art or a story, chiaroscuro is displayed through by The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Also prevalent in small-army masterpieces make byd by Rembrandt during the 17 century, Rembrandt uses chiaroscuro to create a focal point in his paintings and evoke personal thought. Hawthorne uses chiaroscuro to focu boobg on the element of overall sin and to illustrate conflicts between addresss.A simile of chiaroscuro in Rembrandts paintings and Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter, provides a deeper understand of how hang and sable play a key role in the development of vul spateized fibers and theme. sinfulness is one of the most important themes in The Scarlet Letter. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne presents reputation as being ugliness. For example, the wood displays a moral wilderness that is encompassed within a dark and gloomy atmosphere. However in Chapter 18, Hawthorne uses chiaroscuro as a device to show a change in the forest as Hester succumbs to the evil of nature and of her sin.she undid the clasp that fastened the scarlet letter, and, taking it from her bosom, threw it wholly at once, as with a sudden smile of heaven, forth tumultuous disturbance the sunshine, pouring a very flood into the obscure forest During this scene, Hester releases herself from the effect that the scarlet letter brings. As Hester gives into her natural instincts, the forest around her easily begins to brighten and become overcome by light. This new found light in the forest that grows hand in hand with Hesters cheer is shown to be salutary and/or normal based on Hawthornes tone.He focuses on the beauty of the light and how it highlights every living thing in the forest, almost in an angelic way. The tone and use of chiaroscuro in this exit allows the reader to believe that giving into your natural instincts and wants is not necessarily wrongly or sinful, but nothing more than a part of life. Rembrandt uses a similar approach in using chiaroscuro in his painting Nightwatch (1642). Rembrandt does not use the light to focus on a certain character or object in the painting rather he exemplifies the diametric patterns of the painting by creating a battle between light and shadows.The effect of using light and dark in this painting is not meant to stimulate meaningful thought, but rather to display an almost chimerical brotherhood between the light and dark, similar to the effect displayed by Hawthorne in the forest scene. Hawthorne also uses chiaroscuro to show conflicts between characters and the difference in their personality or olfactory sensationual well-being. Old Roger Chillingworth, throughout life, had been calm and temperament, kindly, though not of perfervid affections.Sometimes, a light glimmered out of the physicians eyes, burning macabre and ominous, like the reflection of a furnace Roger Chillingworth, Hesters husband, is presented to the readers as a beneficial man that was very upright and devoted to his job and those around him however, he lacked any sense of passion or love. Once Chillingworth found out that Hester had move adultery and would not name the father of her bastard child, it became Chillingworths mission to uncover the man that had lain with his wife in sin.He must take care deep within Dimmesdale, minister for the town and who Chillingworth believes is responsible, using both(prenominal) pitying and supernatural remedies to extract the secret with no intention of forgiving Dimmesdale. Whereas Dimmesdale is seen as a trustworthy man for the Puritan citizens to bestow their own sins upon, ones of which Dimmesdale tendings them to repent. Dimmesdale committed a sin in the eyes of the Puritan society, one innate(p) from his need to follow his natural instinct in which Hawthorne states to be good and later admitted to the masses that he was indeed the father and the second perpet rator in this earthly crime.And, as he drew towards the close, a spirit as of prophecy had come upon himit was as if an angel, in his passage to the skies, had shaken his bright wings over the people for an instant- at once a shadow and a splendor- and had shed down a shower of prosperous truths upon them. This quote displays the way that the Puritan people saw their pastor, a man that was both physically decaying before their eyes, but yet lit up by the word of the gospel. Dimmesdale would then follow his sermon with the confession of his sin, the dying act of his mortal life.Hawthorne uses chiaroscuro to depict the difference in the type of evil within the characters of Dimmesdale and Chillingworth. Chillingworth is a man that did not sin in the harm that Dimmesdale did, however, he searches for it without the intent to forgive. Hawthorne expresses this as true evil and sin compared to Dimmesdales act of following his natural instinct, which is not a sin. Rembrandt uses chiar oscuro to depict the character or personality within his paintings. In Self Portrait as St.Paul (1661), the man in the panting is lit while the background and his facial nerve features are considerably darkened. The dark eyes and background represent a type of detachment, whether the detachment is due to an outward or inner struggle. The light of the picture gives one the sense that the man is important or respected. However, the dark causes the audience to believe that the man is in a great voltaic pile of struggle or woe, possibly causing him to be dark and snappy in the sense of personality, like the depiction of Chillingworth depicted by Hawthorne.Nathaniel Hawthorne uses a device known as chiaroscuro, contrasting light and dark elements, to help develop the characters and theme within The Scarlet Letter. The way Hawthorne displays this development can also be viewed in pieces by Rembrandt. Sin is portrayed in many ways throughout the novel. The forest is used as a symbol of moral bareness of which Hester succumbs to when she takes off the scarlet letter and releases herself from her sin. At this moment, the dark dreary forest is flooded with heavenly beauty of light and life.This play with shadowing and light elements can be viewed in Nightwatch by Rembrandt. This paitning expresses a link between the light and the dark and how they can go at the same time, however one will always triumph. In the case of the forest scene, the light and the happiness of Hester triumphed over the evil that surrounds her. Hawthorne draws his characters out by having one behold elements, Roger Chillingworth, and the other character behold elements of light, rector Dimmesdale.Hawthorne then goes deeper to express that the darkness of one might not be of evil intention, but rather dulled by everyday sin of which the light could be redeemed. Rembrandt displays this in the paint Self Portrait as St. Paul, showing how shadows can make one look disconnected and spiritually or emotionally barren. Chiaroscuro is a tool used in both the literary and arts world that can help to evoke more emotion and audience thought. Without it, the characters and imagery would all be caught between shades of gloomy greys.

Muhammad The Prophet Essay

Muhammad is considered in Islam to be a messenger and prophet displace by God to guide humanity to the right way. He is considered as the last in a series of prophets sent by God. The al-Quran is believed to have been presented to Muhammad by God. Muhammad is know as the greatest of all prophets to the Muslims, and his organized religion as the only accepted religion of God. He is seen by Muslims as a possessor of all virtues. The scattered verses of the Prophet had been inscribed non only on date leaves and shreds of leather unless on the police wagon of men.Muller says, Now Muhammad had certainly not lived same(p) an angel referring to how Muhammad had raided unitary of their caravans in the holy month of pilgrimage. He also says this because in 632 Muhammad dislocated his followers by dying. In war Muhammad lied to his men declare them that if they were to die in battle that they would marry seventy dark-eyed virgins. Muhammad also had preached gospel singing that where unholy. I his gospels he encouraged war and had no capacity of peace. He also had eleven wives making him unholy, but this had to do with the epoch and place that he lived in. to everyone but strong Muslims Muhammad was a bad individual and a mortal. But to the Muslims he was a descendent of God. Yet Muhammad was a great man, superior to his time and place. He not only preached but practiced a morality that was superior to his era. If he could be ruthless, he was more often gentle, kind, generous. He could be Christ like in his sympathy for the weak and poor. Through the fog of tradition one understructure see an attractive humanity, as in his unfailing courtesy fey by shyness. His humble sharing of the household chores. You can understand why he was so deeply loved by those around him.Muhammad is like Jesus in the sense that he showed complete dedication to his God. He also had a power of personality that had as deep of an whimsey on his followers as Jesus made on his. His s taple fiber teaching is clearer and more nearly uniform than that attributed to Jesus. The theme of more than half(a) of the Koran is about an absolutely pure monotheism. There is no deity but God. Allah is the God preached by the prophets, from Abraham and Ishmael through Moses to Jesus, and revealed in the Scriptures of the Jews and the Christians. Abraham was the received founder of the faith, Muhammad the last prophet, and the Koran the final perfect revelation

Is It Better to Be a Member of a Group Than to Be the Leader?

ESSAY Do you agree with the pursual statement? It is better to be a outgrowth of a mathematical group than to be the leader of a group. Use specific actors and examples to support your answer. I personally disagree with the statement that it is better to be a genus Phallus of a group than a leader. It is true that being a ingredient is certainly much more comfortable, as you have less duty, and you argon not the one who makes the final decisions.Also, some people may be too shy, too reserved or not charismatic bounteous to become a leader. However, in my opinion, a leader is a member too, but a leader does more. First of all, a leader takes responsibility for making decisions and guiding the others in a certain direction. The second reason is that if you take the responsibility of being the leader, you are more active. Thus, your participation in the group is much more interesting and exciting.You are more come to about what is happening around you, and you do not just coun t for other people to do everything. In other words, you are not passive, and you get involved. Finally, if you are a good leader, then the others will regard as you, and gaining peoples respect is important if you want to have a good place in society. As a conclusion, I would secern that, to me, it is more interesting to be a leader than to be further a member, as it can be so much more stimulating and enriching for your personal and professional life.

Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (a)

For the max aim of J. SICINSKI Harvard Business School9-700-115 Rev. November 21, 2007 Dogfight everyplace atomic number 63 Ryan job (A) In April, 1986, the upstart Irish descentway Ryan business line announced that it would soon commence function between Dublin and London. For n proto(prenominal) a year, the new skyway had insured a 14-seat turboprop between Waterford, in the s protrudeheast of Ire province, and Gatwick publicizeport on the outskirts of London. The fo under(a)s of Ryanair, br new(prenominal)s Cathal and Declan Ryan, mat up that service of process on that first route had developed well. They knew, however, that the Dublin-London route would affectedness new ch all in allenges.For the first prison term, they would face Aer Lingus, British walkoverways, and other established competitors on a major route. europiuman breeze The environment in which the Ryan brothers launched their freshman holder had long been shaped by atomic number 63s home(a) orga nizations. 1Privately owned, commercial airlines sprang up in Europe following World struggle I. Soon, however, the governments of Britain, France, Ger legion(predicate), and other countries began to amalgamate the first, small airlines into matter flag carriers. Each of these airlines literally carried the flag of its nation on the tails of its aircraft.Figuratively withal, each airline carried the flag, percentage as an supranational emissary. Predecessors of British snapways, shine France, Lufthansa, and others gradually became owned by, and support by, their national governments. The route structures of British, French, Dutch, and Belgian flag carriers developed to serve the compound aims of their respective governments. For instance, the aircraft of British stripways predecessor, the aptly named Imperial shipways, were familiar sights in India, southbound Africa, Australia, and other British outposts by the mid-thirties. Service foc utilized on multinational route s from each nations cracking to colonies, other areas of national influence, and the capitals of other European countries. Intra- state of matter service was sparse, man-sizedly connecting provincial cities to the capital. Fares on home(prenominal)ated routes were lots kept spicy to subsidize global service. World War II brought advances in aviation that made air travel widely stinting for the first time. The later onmath of the war also brought the threat of American command in air travel.Had free competition been permitted on international routes, the efficient, in camera owned carriers of the pass away together States would likely pick up won the lions share of the market. 3A set of multi new-fangledral and bilateral agreements averted this outcome. The International Air commerce Association (IATA), essentially a government-endorsed cartel of the major airlines, emerged to set international fares. Governments negotiated bilateral agreements that regulated all aspect s of air travel between pairs of countries. In Europe, pooling ar electron orbitments became common.Under pooling, the routes between, say, France and Italy would be given strictly to Air France and Alitalia. The two flag carriers would prof Jan W. Rivkin specifyd this case as the basis for class discussion kind of than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright 2000, 2007 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request liberty to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http//www. hbsp. harvard. edu.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval dodging, utilize in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwisewithout the permission of Harvard Business School. This document is sure for pulmonary tuberculosis solitary(prenominal) by Jan Sicinski in strategical Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 1 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI 700-115Dogfight over Europe Ryanair (A) pool their power and revenue, then portion out the proceeds in an agreed-upon manner.Carriers were banned from flights that did not begin or preempt on their national soil Air France, for instance, could not fly from capital of Italy to Frankfurt or Milan. Intra-country service was also regulated strictly. To varying degrees, domestic fares were set by government authorities, and entry by new airlines was discouraged. The break down of European empires and the advent of jets capable of crossing the Atlantic economically light-emitting diode virtually all European flag carriers to refocus their international efforts on routes across the North Atlantic in the late 1950s.Heavy and growing have for transportation to and from North America made such routes highly profitable, at least signly. Europes system of regulation soon came under pressure. A late-1950s attempt to unify the flag carriers of France, West Germany, Belgium, and Italy collapsed under the metric weight down unit of disparate national interests. By 1960, the Economist magazine bemoaned the show of the severely regulated, fragmented airline industry. The basic trouble, it concluded, re master(prenominal)s that the area has too many airlines, approximately of them inefficient, undercapitalised and unprofitable. 4Though the IATA introduced some forms of restricted, discount fares in the 1950s, consumers grew dissatisfied with high prices. European regulations applied largely to regularly scheduled service between destinations. To circulate these regulations and to tap pent-up demand for leisure travel, charter airlines appeared and grew rapidly during the 1960s. These start-ups, funded in part by shipping companies, offered holiday makers cheap fares on non-scheduled flights and inclusive tours that bundled flights with lodging.Charter holidays proved especially popular among British and Irish vacationers, who used them to turning away the North Sea for sunnier climes. By the mid-1980s, charter flights would transport 60% of all European passengers. 5 stick carriers responded to the mugwump charter airlines both by establishing new discounts in spite of appearance the IATA structure and by starting charter subsidiaries themselves. The 1970s took airlines around the world into financial straits ( present 1). The introduction of wide-bodied aircraft such as the Boeing 747 increased capacity on the North Atlantic route dramatically.The OPEC oil embargo raise the price of jet fuel, and the ensuing recession cut demand for air travel. These events hit Europes flag carriers, with their heavily unionized modules and high fixed cost, especially hard. Exhibit 2 compares the supply productivity of European and U. S. airlines in 1978. In 1978, the U. S. Congress approved the thorough deregulation of the domestic U. S. airline industry. Pricing, route scheduling, entry, and exit were freed up dramatically. Prices plunged rapidly as airlines competed vigorously for marginal clients.Twenty-two new, low-cost carriers entered the market between 1978 and 1980. 6Most of the new airlines soon failed, however. set up players such as American, United, and Delta used hub-and-spoke route structures and computerized arriere pensee systems to encourage a new wave of consolidation. Following consolidation, prices and profitability remained low and unstable. weapons-grade U. S. airlines reached out for new routes into Europe. The U. S. experience brought calls for European deregulation from consumer advocates and supporters of competition.A 1984 memorandum from the European Commission proposed the abolition of pooling ar regularizements, price fixing, and government subsidies. Trade unions and flag carriers confederative to defeat the proposal. In 1986, the Single European Act called for the creation of a unified European market by the end of 1992. The market was intend to comprise an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, work and capital is ensured. 7 Industry observers expected new proposals for the liberalization of the European airline industry to follow.This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 2 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI Dogfight over Europe Ryanair (A)700-115 British Aviation and British Airways turn Europe as a whole remained dominated by state-owned carriers with government- mandated monopolies or near-monopolies, individual countries moved to liberalize their domestic airline industries and to push for international deregulation on a bilateral basis with individual countries. The United Kingdom was among the most aggressive in doing so. As early as 1971, Britains airline regulat or, the Civil Aviation Authority, encouraged the establishment of British Caledonian Airways (BCal) as a second force to compete with the dominant, state-owned British Airways (BA). comminute Party governments, however, subsequently protected BA from BCals incursions. Though supreme airlines such as BCal and British Midland becomed in the U. K. during this result, momentum for airline deregulation picked up only after the election of the Conservative, market-minded Prime attend Margaret Thatcher in 1979.An early Thatcher bill required, for the first time, that regulators give the interests of consumers equal weight to the interests of operators when allocating licenses for new routes. A hallmark of Thatchers government was the privatization of state-owned enterprises, and a centrepiece of her privatization programme was a proposed flotation of BA on the stock market. The state of BA in 1979, however, precluded a rapid privatization. The cost structure of BA and its predecessor s had been high at least since the end ofWorld War II, when the flag carrier was expected to find a job for every demobilized member of the Royal Air Force. 9In 1977, the U. S. carrier Delta transported 30. 7 trillion passengers with 31,000 employees while BAs staff of 54,300 moved 14. 5 meg passengers. 10After thin kale in the late 1970s, BA suffered a loss of UK? 102 one thousand million on revenue of UK? 1,760 million in 1981. A new chairman, John Kinga self-made millionaire with experience in the ball-bearing industrywas brought in to revive BA and prepare it for privatization.With generous severance packages, King reduced BAs staff to 38,000 by 1985. Loss-making routes were surrendered to competitors, and maintenance stations and training colleges were shuttered. King soon yielded the reins to Colin Marshall, a former executive of car rental agency Avis, who began to improve customer service. Marshall paid particular attention to satisfying full-fare personal line of credi t customers. By 1984, BA was earning record profits (Exhibit 3), and its privatization was being planned for 1987. Deregulation slowed during the period of BAs turnaround.A Civil Aviation Authority proposal to teddy some of BAs routes to BCal, for instance, was defeated in 1984, largely because the exchequer Ministry opposed the plan. In 1986, BA operated one of the worlds most extensive airline route internets, serving 145 destinations in 68 countries. 11No airline carried more international passengers. International journeys accounted for roughly two-thirds of the seats that BA sold and nine-tenths of its revenue. Nearly 80% of passengers passed through Londons main airport at Heathrow, one of the worlds busiest transportation hubs.Plying the network was a fleet of 163 aircraft, ranging from 44-seat turboprops to Boeing 747s with room for nearly four hundred. Since 1980, BA had invested roughly UK? 700 million to purchase 55 new aircraft, mostly for service within Europe. The c onjunction was beginning to upgrade its interContinental fleet. In the United Kingdom and virgin York, BA provided its own passenger and ground services (e. g. , for passenger check-in, baggage handling, and aircraft cleaning). Elsewhere, it hired contractors to perform such services.BA catered its own flights from Heathrow, but contracted out all other catering. The company performed most of its own maintenance from a base at Heathrow and had engineering capabilities at three-quarters of the airports it served. BA sold tickets over the telephone and in 171 retail shops worldwide, where agents also sold package vacations. In addition, 49,000 independent travel agents had the ability to book tickets on BA via computerized reservation systems, including BAs own system. Such agents accounted for 83% of the companys scheduled passenger revenue.BA pitched its services to a wide range of This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in strategical Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 3 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI 700-115Dogfight over Europe Ryanair (A) business and leisure travelers. Accordingly, it offered a spectrum of ticket prices with varying restrictions and the full range of classes of servicefrom first class to economy. Especially among business travelers, BA was know for its improving in-flight amenities. Exhibit 4 shows BAs revenue and operate cost per scheduled passenger.The 6. 9% direct margin shown there reflects BAs entire route network. In Europe alone, the carrier acquire a 4. 4% margin. Irish Aviation and Aer Lingus As a country with a small population, limited land mass (roughly 250 kilometers across and 400 long), and no colonial possessions, Ireland did not lend itself naturally to commercial aviation. 12 Yet in 1936, a mere 15 years after Irelands initial political separation from Britain and 13 years sooner full independence, government and private interests in Ireland ca me together to form Aer Lingus, a flag carrier for the emerging state.Government support proved crucial in the airlines early days. Annual losings in the 1930s and 1940s commonly ran between 20% and 100% of revenue. Not until the early 1950s did the airline earn a profit in sequent years, and then only for a short period. Early on, passenger merchandise focused on routes between Ireland and Britain, where a large population of Irish emigrants resided. To develop these routes, the Irish and British governments struck an unusual arrangement in 1946. Through BAs predecessors, the British government took a 40% stake in Aer Lingus, leaving 60% in the hands of Ireland.Aer Lingus was given monopoly rights to routes over the Irish Sea. BAs predecessors gained the valuable right to land at Shannon Airport on Irelands west coast, refuel, and continue on across the Atlantic. (Aircraft ranges at the time required such a refuel stop. ) In exchange, Aer Lingus was allowed to land in Manchester , take on passengers, and continue to continental Europe. Such onward rights were rare in Europe and marked the beginning of relatively liberal bilateral agreements between Britain and Ireland.The British partnership continue for a decade until Aer Lingus desire to develop its own trans-Atlantic routes, to reach the large ethnic Irish populations in New York and Boston, created a rift. Amicably, the British government reduced and eventually relinquished its stake in Aer Lingus. The predecessors of BA and independent carriers such as British Midland began to fly routes between Britain and Ireland. Problems on the North Atlantic corridor in the 1970s hit Aer Lingus especially hard. Compared to other carriers on the route, Aer Lingus drew its passengers especially heavily from the ranks of tourists.Tourist passengers actively sought promotional fares, created erratic peaks of seasonal demand, and largely stayed at home during the recession of the mid-1970s. The Irish government insiste d that Aer Lingus continue to fly the North Atlantic corridor despite losses on the route. 13 Aer Lingus first published its objectives in 1971 and had, by 1986, reviewed and approved the statement a number of times. The statement called on Aer Lingus to provide an air transport service that was safe, efficient, reliable, and profitable. The airline touted the many benefits it brought to the Irish community national development, promotion of tourism, employment, a contribution to the balance of payments, and educational, social, and cultural services. 14 losses in the 1970s prompted Aer Lingus to seek new sources of revenue and profit. We perceived that an airline with a limited home market, limited financial resources and a cyclic product would have to diversify, reflected one of Aer Lingus chief executives. 15Aer Lingus began to offer maintenance service and engineer training to other airlines.Successful introduction of its computer reservation system led Aer Lingus to offer co mputer consulting and data processing services. The company also entered the hotel business in London, Paris, and New England. By 1986, This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 4 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI Dogfight over Europe Ryanair (A)700-115 so-called assistant businesses include hospital management in Baghdad and an investment in robotics. In 1984-85, air transportation, irline-related services such as maintenance, and non-airline businesses provided Aer Lingus operating profits of 0. 5 million Irish pounds (I? ), I? 12. 7 million, and I? 17. 1 million, respectively. 16Within air transportation, Aer Lingus domestic and European routes earned a modest operating profit while its trans-Atlantic flights sustained operating losses for the sixth time in seven years. 17During the coming decade, Aer Lingus faced tens of millions of pounds of investment to replace maturation jets in its fleet. Government officials were contemplating the sale of part of the company to finance the capital expenditures.Ryanair Cathal and Declan Ryan had essentially grown up in the airline industry. 18Their father, Tony Ryan, had long worked for Aer Lingus. As the flag carriers aircraft leasing manager, the elder Ryan struck innovative deals to admit excess capacity to other airlines. From 1973 to 1975, for instance, he arranged for an Aer Lingus 747 and its Irish crowd to ply Air Siams route between Bangkok and Los Angeles. 19In 1975, Tony Ryan co-founded Guinness Peat Aviation, which promptly became the largest aircraft leasing company in the world.Tony Ryans 10% stake in Guinness Peat Aviation gave him sufficient wealth to invest a million Irish pounds in his sons efforts to launch an airline. Both sons were in their 20s when Ryanair initiated service in 1985. At first, Ryanair used a 14-seat turboprop aircraft to run a scheduled service between Waterford in the southeast of Ireland and Gatwick Airport, one of Londons secondary airports. This initial service was intend to prove the companys ability to operate a scheduled airline successfully. In 1986, Ryanair gained a license to operate between Dublin and Luton, another of Londons secondary airports.Aer Lingus and BA already operated on the Dublin-London route, which was reputed to be quite lucrative for both carriers. Indeed, Aer Lingus head noted that Dublin-London is the only route on the Aer Lingus network that has the volume of business to allow of itself a reasonable return on capital. 20Aer Lingus and BAs least expensive, unrestricted round-trip fares on the route were priced at I? 208 (equivalent to UK? 189 at the time). Discount fares as low as I? 99 were available, though they had to be booked one month in advance.Observers felt that the figures shown in Exhibit 4 were typical of Aer Lingus and BAs average revenues and costs for a Dublin-London round trip. Ryanair managers believed that the flights of Aer Lingus and BA were typically 60-70% full. According to airport authorities, half a million round-trip passengers flew the route each year. The total number of air passengers on the route had been stagnant for ten years. Roughly three-quarters of a million round-trip travelers opted to use rail and sea ferries rather than aircraft. The journey took nine hours by rail and ferry and one hour by air.Prices of round-trip rail-and-ferry tickets fell as low as I? 55. 21 On their new Dublin-London service, the Ryan brothers intended to run four round trips per day with a 44-seat turboprop. They did not have permission to fly larger jet aircraft on the route, but hoped to get permission soon. Ryanair would offer meals and amenities comparable to what Aer Lingus and British Airways provided. The company would choose itself from the flag carriers in two ways. first, its employees would focus intently on delivering alright customer service.Second, the compa ny would charge a simple, single fare for a ticket with no restrictions. In announcing its Dublin-London service, Ryanair publicized a fare of I? 98. This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 5 700-115 Exhibit 1 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI Dogfight over Europe Ryanair (A) Composite Profitability of All Major, schedule European Airlines 10 5 0 -5 entranceway of wide-body jets First oil crisis Second oil crisis -10 Introduction of jets witnesser Association of European Airlines, 1994 Yearbook, p. 19. Exhibit 2Staff Productivity of U. S. and European Airlines, 1978 Airline U. S. carriers American Eastern Pan American TWA United European carriers Air France Alitalia British Airways KLM Lufthansa Staff 40,134 35,899 26,964 36,549 52,065 32,173 17,040 54,645 17,812 29,400 Passengers per staff memberStaff per aircraft 762158 1,099156 358355 665156 657156 333314 374279 3 08264 231326 460320 Source House of Lords Select Committee on European Air Fares, 1981, 185-7, European Air Fares, Air transportation system Users Committee, Civil Aviation Authority, 1978.Cited in P. Lyth and H. Dienel, Introduction in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the gladiola European commercial Air gestate Since 1945 (London Macmillan, 1998), p. 8. This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 6 Profit after interest as a percentage of total costs 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 Dogfight over Europe Ryanair (A) Exhibit 3British Airways Performance, 1977-85 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI 700-115 Revenue (mm UK? ) run profit onwards taxes and interest (mm UK? )Passengers (mm) Staff (thousands) Available ton-kilometers (mm) T on-kilometersused(mm) Load* (%) 197719791981 1,073. 91,403. 31,760 95. 876. 0(102) 14. 515. 817. 0 54. 355. 953. 6 6,2337,1647,930 3,6074,4164,812 586261 19831985 2,0512,905 169292 16. 318. 4 45. 938. 1 7,2087,837 4,4615,267 6267 * Load = portion of available ton-kilometers used, a vizor of capacity utilization. Source British Airways Annual Reports. Cited in P. Lyth, Chosen Instruments The phylogeny of British Airways in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag European Commercial Air steer Since 1945 (London Macmillan, 1998), pp. 2, 74. Exhibit 4British Airways Average Revenue and Cost per Passenger, 1986 UK? Revenue 151. 3 Operating expenses Staff32. 4 Depreciation & amortization7. 8 Fuel & oil28. 9 engineer and other aircraft costs8. 9 Selling16. 4 Aircraft operating leases3. 1 Landing fees and en route charges10. 6 Handling charges, catering, & other15. 1 Accommodation, ground equipment & other17. 7 percentage of I? Revenue 166. 5100. 0% 35. 721. 4% 8. 65. 1% 31. 819. 1% 9. 85. 9% 18. 010. 8% 3. 42. 0% 11. 77. 0% 16. 610. 0% 19. 511. 7% Subtotal 140. 9 Operating profit10. 411. 4Source Case writer calculations, based on British Airways Prospectus, February 11, 1987. This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 7 155. 193. 1% 6. 9% For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI 700-115Dogfight over Europe Ryanair (A) Notes 1 This department draws especially on P. Lyth and H. Dienel, Introduction, in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London Macmillan, 1998), pp. 1-17. 2 P. Lyth, Chosen Instruments The maturation of British Airways, in H.Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London Macmillan, 1998), p. 50. 3 P. Lyth and H. Dienel, Introduction, in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London Macmillan, 1998), p. 3. 4 Unfree as the Air, The Economist, May 28, 1960. 5 P. Lyth and H. Dienel, Introduction, in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London Macmillan, 1998), p. 7. 6 N. Donohue and P. Ghemawat, The U. S. Airline Industry, 1978-1988 (A), HBS Case 390-025. A. P. Dobson, Flying in the Face of challenger (Hants Avebury Aviation, 1995), p. 192. 8 This section draws especially on P. Lyth, Chosen Instruments The evolution of British Airways in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London Macmillan, 1998), pp. 50- 86. 9 P. Lyth, Chosen Instruments The Evolution of British Airways in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London Macmillan, 1998), p. 65. 10 P. Lyth, Chosen Instruments The Evolution of British Airways in H.Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London Macmillan, 1998), pp. 72-73. 11 The following description of British Airways in 1986 draws on the companys February 11, 1987 , prospectus. 12 This section draws especially on M. ORiain, Aer Lingus, 1936-1986 A Business Monograph, 1987 and B. Share, The Flight of the Iolar The Aer Lingus Experience, 1936-1986 (Dublin Gill and Macmillan, 1986). 13 H. Carnegy, libertine times for Aer Lingus, Financial Times, June 3, 1986. 14 Aer Lingus Annual Report, March 31, 1986. 15 Extract from M. J.Dargans address to the 50th Anniversary Banquet of Aer Lingus in the Royal Hospital, Kilmainham, 27 May 1986. Quoted in M. ORiain, Aer Lingus, 1936-1986 A Business Monograph, 1987. 16 H. Carnegy, Turbulent Times for Aer Lingus, Financial Times, June 3, 1986. 17 Aer Lingus Annual Report, March 31, 1986. 18 This section draws especially on interviews conducted with Ryanair personnel between February 10 and February 17, 2000, including Michael OLeary, chief executive officer Declan Ryan, founder Charlie Clifton, Director of Ground Operations and Inflight and Kevin Osborne, Director of Purchasing and Administration. 9 B. Share , The Flight of the Iolar The Aer Lingus Experience, 1936-1986 (Dublin Gill and Macmillan, 1986), pp. 203- 206. 20 Aer Lingus Annual Report, March 31, 1986. 21 J. Fagan, Air Price War Hits Sea Route Traffic, Financial Times, September 24, 1987. H. Carnegy, UK-Irish Air Route Challenge, Financial Times, April 24, 1986. This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 8

A Critical Study of Income Patterns After the Event Tourism in Sri Lanka Essay

Sri Lankan touristry has improve with the end of the civil war in 2009 it has adequate to(p) to bring many tourists from various nationals to Sri Lanka due to improvement of Security and other tourism tie in infrastructure. Sri Lankatourism is counsel on promoting Sri Lankan tourism through with(predicate) many argonas that sack up get competitive advantage from its key competitors. resultant tourism considered as the latest landition to the Sri Lankan tourist sedulousness, with the intention of latent to be a key tourist attraction to catch the attention of many tourists by organizing various international and local events develops the tourism in Sri Lanka and to earn actual foreign exchange and expertise from other countries.During 2008-2010 culture of world tourism remained flat due to the worst recession world has gone through aft(prenominal) 1930s.During 2009 world tourism has dropped dramatically by 5.5% and in 2010 developing of tourism remained flat. This slump of tourism did not affect Sri Lanka badly merely the phase Sri Lankan civil war was ending (2008-2009) tourist arrivals had dropped considerably. But has able to rebound from the droop during the post war period due to the encourage of situation security of the island. Event tourism is an important and rapidly developing segment of international tourism . An article by Getz in 1989 in Tourism Management.Problem StatementAccording to Mahinda Chinthaya which is governments philosophy on festering of Sri lanka, tourism considered as key income generator for SL economy, recently SLB has spend heavily on organizing major international events to attract foreign tourist to Sri Lanka. These events own many merits and failures to range and through this look author will do a critical study of income patterns after the event tourism in Sri Lanka which is essential further improvement of the Sri Lanka belong industry. So the study is represent of information regarding the revenues an d expenses occurred recently concluded Events in Sri Lanka. Critical study of income patterns after the event tourism in Sri Lanka which is essential further improvement of the Sri Lanka travel industry. Problem JustificationIncome after events conducted in SL gone under ordinary conjecture, realization of income generated thorough sale of dependables and services during the time of an event is a vital factor in future event planning.Analyses of the expenses made by private sector and government is important since some of the salute otiose to be accounted due to poor accounting policies used by firms. Since that its important to identify the income generated by locals as easily as foreigners by conducting events in Sri Lanka. All the income generated sponsorships given by the foreign firms for events conducted in SL and the identification of the publicity given by local and foreign media which has given good image ab give away Sri Lanka and future income can be generated from these promotions. Though canvass author critically evaluate the income pattern after event tourism in Sri lanka and areas that critical have a impact on, Event tourism Sri Lanka which has been rarely overlooked by the government of Sri Lanka to develop the countries tourism. object lenss of the Study* Objective of following key areas that able Sri Lanka should develop to Event tourism. * Evaluating past international events unionized by Sri Lanka tourism to promote tourism in Sri Lanka. * To find out the relationship between past events and their revenue generation to come across positive financial out comes to Sri Lanka. * Recommend the areas that Sri Lanka Tourism should widen to collect more financial and to Promote Sri lanka as a major Event tourism destination. * Find out the structure of the Sri Lanka tourism and how to develop to add more pecuniary returns though improvement of its functions.Significance of the Study sphere of the study- research going to be profound and Proportional abbreviation of the research topic. Population for the research is been events the recently held in Sri Lanka (2009-2011), following constraints also been identify during the process of the research. Sample for research-Data available of the events conducted in Sri Lanka are not well documented and large scale events has the influence of the government. Since some of the cost incurred during the events are not available. Therefore the author has chosen the samples from events that have primary cost of more than 30 million to conduct an event, because hundreds of events done individualsfocusing on Tourists. Below mentioned groups are benefited from this reportEvent organizers Through analysis of this investigate back up event organizers identify returns and expenses of conducting events. Also it will contribute them development weaknesses which they done in past events and use their strength efficiently. Tourism professionals of the industry (promoters) this able to identify the areas they should develop attract from tourists and to built image on other countries to visit Sri Lanka by using various cost effective and creative incentives attract more visitors to Sri Lanka to attend the future events. Government- This will help government identify the areas that should improve outcomes of the events conducted by various parties to attract tourists, which gives a valuable contribution to the local economy and to make a fecund return from their investments. Media- question will charge local and foreign media carry out widespread promotion events on Sri Lanka and the boost the image of Sri Lanka as a major tourism destination. Future researchers- Research on this topic guide future researchers to an in-depth research in subject matter.Scope of the StudyResearch will be focused on revenues or the income generated from event organized by Sri Lanka Tourism and it will identify the how the income patterns during the period of 2009-2011.Research conta ined the events conducted in Sri Lanka focusing only on attracting foreign tourist with assistance of the government. Thorough analysis of the research people related tourism, particularly people who financing the alike(p) events discussed in the research.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewChapter 3 Research methodological analysisIndependent VariablesDependant VariableHypothesis

Marx and Weber’s Theories of Class Structure in Modern Society Essay

Karl Marx has disposed(p) us the most influential overview of how industrialization has affected the neo fond formations. According to his industrialization gave us two unseas iodind anatomyes, which had evolved from the old feudal ordering. The bourgeoisie and the working class (Bradley, 2006 134-135). The bourgeoisie in England, the new economical on the wholey supreme class. At the beginning of the 19th century, they turn backk to strengthen its mixer and policy-making power. At the local level, they obtained the power in many villages, especially northeastern of the coun cause.They did this through by starting schools and leisure facilities to the people. At the national level, they tried to challenge the old power group, the aristocracy. With the semipolitical reforms they tried to take hold from them the benefits they had gained through having had the political power. Especially authoritative was the fact that, corn law that unbroken the price of agricultural commodities artificially high, and thus protected land testifyers from the free market, was abolished. In political terms, was non dissolved land sufferer class, however the bourgeoisie was to parcel power with them (Bradley, 2006 135).Proletariat or figure outing class, is the second class in modern society formations, according to Marx. Deprived of the opportunity to produce their own livelihoods, they were forced to sell all they possess, their labor, in order to survive. According to Marx, the kin amongst these classes both that they were dependent on each other and antipathetic to each other. Workers needed for the bourgeoisie to find them work, and the bourgeoisie needed workers for a profit. moreover the relationship was an inherent conflict because of the exploitative record of these fiscal arrangements contained (Bradley, 2006 135).Like many other community comments from the nineteenth century, Marx thought that the break no workers were paid, did not represent the entertain of the goods they created through their work. Through separate of their working hours, a worker producing goods corresponding to a value of their creative activity will cost. The rest of their working time, the goods they produce, represent additional value. Parts of this value was taken by the bourgeoisie, in the form of profit. It can be argued that the bourgeoisie, to take a risk nvestments and take the initiative to create jobs, deserve the profits. It is an important argument used by many today.Marx, however, believes that there are workers whose work produces goods that are entitled to these profits. But the payroll system, where you get paid a days job, not based on the effort you puke down, hides the fact that the workers are taken from the profits of their work. This was what Marx meant by the exploitative nature of these financial arrangements contained.It was likewise in the interests of the bourgeoisie and extend their profits, to either curve the sal aries of workers or get them to increase their production, without getting a higher lucre (Bradley, 2006 135-136). Marx believed that when the working class began to understand how they were exploited, and saw how unfair the system was, they would try to diverge it. They shared experiences and awareness of exploitation will be the derriere for a tout ensemble class, which will stand up and dissolution of this economic system, replacing it with a fairer system where workers controlled the profits (Bradley, 2006. 36).Marx recognized the existence of eight-fold classes of society, but they seemed unimportant compared to the great struggle for power that we have expound over here. Max weber, however, wrote about the complaisant importance of what are straightway described as the new middle class. These are variations of the groups of officials, from office workers to teachers, and leaders. weber noted that the large growth of bureaucratism, led to a high increase in this new mid dle class. As the working class, this class was also quite maktlos, in the fact that they owned what they produced, but had to sell his own labor.Yet they startd higher social benefits than the working class, and was thus primed(p) in a graveluation of competition and opposition with them. weber believed, on with many other sociologists, that the growth of this new middle class would resolution the working class would rise up over against the bourgeoisie (Bradley, 2006 136). webers concept of classes avveik from Marx on other important areas. While he adjudge that there were important divisions in society between the classes of property and the propertyless, weber believed that there were large differ even within these groups.Not precisely was it than the gap between the working and middle class, as described here, but also within classes. These divisions were created by the market that rewarded groups differ in terms of what skills they had. Scholars workers were more appr eciated than the unlearned, because of their experience and training. The middle class had assorted groupings change levels of qualifications, education, and training to offer. Within classes of property, there were also divisions between groups with according to what var. of property they possessed.While Marxs exploitation surmisal and class conflict, he was to highlight the potential for unity between the two major classes, was webers emphasis on the shared roles in the market resulted in his views on different groups within classes, that they existed in a climate of rivalry with each other. The conflict was as great within the classes as between the different classes (Bradley, 2006 136-137). This effect was reinforced, according to Weber, because the economic conditions within the classes was further conglomerate by two other overlapping sources of social divisions, namely Weber call status and party affiliation.Differences in status refers to the different standard of pres tige or social position held by different groups. Weber argued that the different status within the working class, working against Marxs theory of a combined class that would stand against the bourgeoisie. Finally, Weber believed that the parties and other political organizations would go across class and status divisions in its membership, as they sought-after(a) to mobilize the power to get to meet the interests of its members. On this buttocks, Weber produced a model of community formation that was more complex than Marxs frigid model (Bradley, 2006 137).If you look at history at the beginning of the nineteenth century, it is more like speaking in relation to Marxs model, than Weber. The detail between 1780 to 1840 was a time of constant upheaval, in which workers fought against the new industrial system and tribulations, and poverty that industrialization brought with it. There were food shortages, hundreds of strikes and demonstrations in the change areas. These riots led t o political reforms such as voting rights for all men.But most riots were ocal and small scale, reflecting the fact that industrialization was a rough prosesss, which took different forms and occurred at varying speeds almost. Which meant that workers were in rebellion against a seat, was not a problem elsewhere (Bradley, 2006 137-138). As an introduction to the Communist Manifesto Karl Marx wrote the textbook and civil proletarian. In this text Marx portrays class organization in modern society. Out of the feudal ruin, developed the modern bourgeois society itself. This happened without the class divisions that existed in the society was abolished.In this new modern bourgeois society, new classes were inserted in place of the old, it was added to the new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle between classes. The change that stands out in this era, as the bourgeois era, however, is that it has simplified class antagonisms. The undivided society sharing more and more int o two great inappropriate camps, two classes that are directly against each other bourgeoisie and proletariat. big(p) industry has created the being market that had been prepared by the discovery of America. The world market has made trade, shipping and transport across an immense development.This has again appeared back on the industry distribution, and to the same extent that the bourgeoisie developed, increase its capital and it needed all the classes that came from the Middle Ages in the background. Thus we see how the modern bourgeoisie is itself a product of a long development, a series of upheavals in the mode of production and communication conditions. The bourgeoisie has not drunk during this century they have had class domination, created a more comprehensive, wide productive forces than all preceding generations together.Subjugation of natural forces, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, shipping traffic, railways electric tickers, cultiva tion of whole continents, rivers made navigable, whole populations stamped out of the earth what earlier century knew that such production forces occult in societys womb . The most important demand for citizenship class existence and domination is that wealth accumulate in close hands, that capital formation and increased condition for capital is wage labor. example depends solely on the competition the workers hemselves. Progress in the industry, that the bourgeoisie will-less and without opponent the carrier, leading to a regenerationary union of workers of associations rather than their division by mutual competition. With great industrial development thus loses the bourgeoisie itself the basis on which it produces and appropriates products. It produces mainly his own executioner. Bourgeoisie doom and victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable (Englestad, 1992 235-243). Max Webers theories of social classes, is seen as the main alternative to Marx.Weber takes, like M arx, based on the economic conditions. But unlike Marx, Weber adds not only strain on the relationship between employers and employees, but several compositors cases of economic relations. As the basic class relationship Weber looks at Community in living conditions and life chances. This allows, for example, under certain historical conditions, creditors and debtors constitute classes in line with workers and employers (Englestad, 1992 221). Weber parts Marxs view that capitalism is a distinctive and hoyviktig event in Western society.But he does not share Marxs view that the bourgeoisie will lose in the class struggle and class struggle that will create conditions for a society without classes. He looks instead at the citizen as the embodiment of a particular type of action, the purpose of rational action a type of action that would overcome the national figure of history. The centralized socialist bureaucracy will also be an objective rational character or social position. How ever, this role will mean less freedom for the individual, and socialist planned miserliness would threaten society with tilstivning.Max Weber defeated why socialism and the beginnings of a political revolution in Germany in the last years of his life, because he preferred a civil society (Osterberg, 1984 103-104). Marx believes that capitalism has led to a system where those who have much, the citizen will receive more, while those who have little, the worker will receive less. He believed that this was a system that the worker would not find themselves in, and therefore rebel against the bourgeois. Weber, however, was not so interested about how the system could be changed.He was ore concerned with finding out why capitalism has evolved as it has done in the West. Marx sees the citizen as a tyrant utilization above the worker. This new social class utilizes the community for their own growth. Citizen control means of production, and to use them, he needs to buy labor from worker s. The citizen does not work and even sympathize not with worker. Borgs only interaction with the worker is when he goes around and complain that the worker is not working hard enough. The worker who does all the work but where is the citizen who has all the benefits.Marx wanted the workers revolution to create a society where everyone is equal and wish about everyones welfare. Capitalism has no thoughts of a common welfare and does not care about the individual, only the capital and production. Here, Weber disagreed. He believed that the growth of capitalism, was a result of what he calls the Protestant ethic. Marx believes that the capitalist boss is lazy and demanding, does not match this with Webers view. Because of the Protestant ethic, he could not sit and pretend to, because it would be a sin. This meant that they would stand to work out of prize to God.This is what Weber believes is the reason for the growth of capitalism. As capitalism grew up and the economy improved, th ey would continually reinvest their income. They worked hard and instead of using up what they earned with the same, one would set it aside. The continuous work ethic was a result of the legal opinion that God wanted that to work, and working hard was hoping more to get to heaven. Weber believed that the Christian citizen would work hard for the income he received. Working for Gods glory, and the more successful you are, the more one is priced of God.

Crime and Hand Unemployment Rate Essay

Many contemporary macro-level theories of criminal manner and empirical tudies pf crime rates address the relationship in the midst of scotch factor and crime. Relationship between economic circumstances such as wage inflation and unemployment to criminal activity is the main subject social function of this study. Wage inflation and unemployment taken as predictors of crime rates. Unemployment and inflation be two intricately linked economic concept. In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an parsimony over a period of time and it is also erosion in the purchasing power of bullion.And unemployment occurs when a person is able to and willing to run low but urrently without work. Unemployment is usu onlyy measured using the unemployment rate which is defined as the percentage of those in the labor for who are unemployed. One causes of unemployment is inflation. Over the geezerhood there has been a number of economists trying to interpret the relationship between the concepts of inflation and unemployment. This relationship is also known as the Phillips curve. Phillips curve is an opposite word relationship between rate of unemployment and rate of increase in money wages.The higher the rate of unemployment, the lower the rate of wage inflation. In opposite words, there is a radeoff between wage inflation and unemployment lead to a problem that individual do such a thing adept to endure it. It means that if you are unemployed you will do anything to defecate and to survive for everyday living. For this, some people tend to commit crimes curiously crime against property. It is a common observation of many countries that unemployment rates and all crime rates are positively associated but negatively in the wage inflation.

Pip, Magwitch, Miss Havisham and Estella in Great Expectations

Comp are and transmission line the exhibit of speckle, Magwitch, send packing Havisham and Estella in the source chapter of vast Expectation Compare and contrast the presentation of fool, Magwitch, get away Havisham and Estella in the col chapters of Great Expectations. Explain which characters you line up sympathy for and why? Great Expectations written by Charles Dickens is a classic Victorian novel and is often regarded as the motives finest achievement. except it was origin ally written as a series with severally chapter appearing in a newspaper which has an affect on the hale structure.The final stage of each chapter must be exciting to make the ref read the next edition. In the novel, Dickens manages to express his criticisms of Victorian society, to the highest degree probably due to his own experiences as a child. In Great Expectations sympathy is a key emotion and theme felt by the ratifier and some of the characters. Dickens manages to make the reader symp athise towards the cardinal main characters Pip, Magwitch, Estella and leave off Havisham despite their different ages, gender, characteristics and social status.In the opening chapter we are introduced to Pip, a lonely orphan, and Magwitch an escaped convict. Magwitch threatens Pip into stealing some forage for him as well as a file to get free of the irons on his legs. These two characters are complete contradiction in termss of each other with Pip cosmos described a small bundle of shivers tour Magwitch is described with creature like characteristics. We can easily understand that Magwitch is chancy because he has irons on his legs, suggesting that he is an escaped convict.At this point the audition will feel sympathetic towards Pip and angrier towards Magwitch because he threatens the innocent and misfortuned Pip. The opening chapter portrays Pip as innocent, lonely, vulnerable and scared. He is described as a trembling bundle of shivers and on a few occasions his lec turing falters due to his fear of Magwitch. On the other batch, Magwitch, is described as a fearful man in coarse grey, smo in that respectd in bollix up and in broken shoes.His voice is described as awesome and he growls depicting him as animal like or with animal characteristics which does not let the reader feel any sympathy for him. From the opening chapter we learn that Pip is an orphan, his parents as well as his brothers and sisters are all buried side by side. He was bought up by hand by his sister who is wife of a local blacksmith, Joe Gargery, Pips closest friend. This causes the reader to almost instantly feel sympathy for Pip. However the readers reaction or feelings towards Magwitch are much possible to be hostile.They may feel that the intimidation or bullying of a vulnerable child deserves no sympathy but by the end of the novel, Dickens manages to justify Magwitch, as the individuals life of the main characters are linked up and all the answers are revealed. Th e setting is also important. Dickens had trenchant to use pathetic fallacy in order to reflect the characters feelings by describing the surrounding environment. In this case, Pip is almost crying. He is surrounded by the graves of his family and is feeling depressed which is wane worse by this jerky appearance by this fearsome stranger, Magwitch.This is shown by the repetition of dead and buried and emotive words such as savage liar, grim and dark, flat and wilderness which reflect Pips emotions. In chapter 8 we are introduced to Estella and Miss Havisham, Pip is sent to Satis House to play where he meets a lovely but cold hearted, Estella and a rather eccentric Miss Havisham. wretched fallacy is used once again as Satis House reflects Miss Havishams feelings. When Pip fist sees Satis House, and Miss Havishams room he notices that there were No glimpses of daylight, and that it was empty and deceived.Miss Havishams clothes and herself also seem, regret and decayed e genuinel ything within my view which ought to be white was faded and yellow. This shows how shes depressed and old. At first, the reader may feel that Miss Havisham is mad or eccentric. The reader will feel little sympathy for her part until later on in the novel when they learn the cause of her misery. Although the author does give the reader a clue when he makes Miss Havisham roast Broken whilst pointing to her heart.This action will cause intrigue as the stratum goes on whilst we learn more about the pasts of each character. Both Miss Havisham and Estella treat Pip with disdain. They both insult him. Miss Havisham patronises him by give tongue to you can do that, when she wanted him to call Estella. Estella later exclaims what coarse detention he has which later causes him to cry creating further sympathy as the reader is reminded of Pips lower social status. Estella is portrayed as very pompous, stuck up and possibly quite cold hearted. Despite this, Pip seems attracted to Estella. He describes her as very pretty and seemed very proud, although the readers attitude towards her would be that shes too arrogant and possibly spoilt. In chapter 8 there is no reason for the reader to feel sympathetic towards to Estella, however, by the end, she becomes the victim and her situation earns her sympathy although some people may feel that she deserve what she got. In conclusion, in the opening chapters of Great Expectations, I believe that Pip earns the most sympathy due to the way he is presented his frailty and him being an orphan being the key emotional areas.However, later on as we learn more about each of the other characters, we feel more sympathetic towards them. By the end of the novel, each character is an almost contradiction to themselves as Dickens argues against society suggesting that people can change. Poor, trembling Pip has grown up, he has sufficient money, which is what he wanted, he becomes educated and is a gentlemen, whereas the arrogant and beaut iful Estella becomes quiet and battered, her beauty now hidden behind her scars.Miss Havisham dies understanding, that although she felt it is necessary to gain her revenge on men, due to her pain, shed caused a lot of pain by creating a monster in the cold hearted Estella which meant that her once broken heart could finally feel again. Finally, Magwitch, who seemed to be rough and animal like, mellows down and forms a bond between himself and Pip. His stratum helps the reader understand him and the hatred they felt towards him in the opening chapters is order towards Compeyson who becomes the common enemy and villain who meets a just end.

Downfall of the American Dream Essay

As a child, sensation is told that life is just a day trance. If superstar believes in his or her dreams and pursues the path to this goal than unrivaled shall achieve it and shall go away a joyful, happy life. However as one grows older and wiser, one learns that the reality is far more complicated and corrupted. One discovers that scorn their persistency and audacious efforts to attain his or her objectives, the the Statesn dream is just an wantness that can non come true and can non be attained. The owing(p) Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzg periodld is set in New York City and Long Island in the early 1920s when America was viewed as the land of opportunity. Nevertheless, this novel explores the downfall of the American Dream and how it has an power on people and the society. This is demonstrated by characters such as myrtle Wilson who corrupts herself, her relationship and her life over an obsession with something that cannot be attained. Daisy Buchman who sacrifices herself a nd her happiness to book her sociable status. Finally, Jay Gatsby, the protagonist of the novel exemplifies how the American dream can scarper one to make immoral decisions. Through the use of these characters, F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby explores that no matter ones gender, race or fall unconnected the American dream does not discriminate it is simply elusive and unachievable to all who seek to pursue it.Myrtle Wilson, often described in the novel as Toms mistress, remains a very(prenominal) flat character byout the whole novel meaning that she doesnt develop as a character and her morals do not change throughout the novel however, she plays a huge role in Fitzgeralds novel to outline the flaws in the American dream. Myrtles objective throughout her whole life as it was for many women of this era is to wed a rich successful man who can fritter away care of her. Evidently, her husband, George Wilson, is not suitable for her. She even says he isnt fulfil to lick m y shoe (page way out) This is why Myrtle finds herself another man who qualifies to her standards/ checklist. passim the novel Myrtle literally buries her relationship with George by getting voluminous with Tom Buchman as well she betrays herself and gives away little pieces of herself by prosecute her dream. Tom Buchman breaks her nose in chapter two yet she pursues the relationship because she is so desperate to rise in social material body. A cream is the likes of an off-color of white it is tainted with yellow. Fitzgerald often uses this color to portray ones falseness and inability to fit in with the f number class. In chapter two, Myrtle wears a cream-colored dress and when someone gives her a compliment nearly the dress she says Its just a crazy old thing, I just slip it on sometimes when I dont care what I look like. (page 35). prick remarks that Myrtle repeatedly changes her outfits so when she brushes off this compliment and acts snobbish it get the farms very evident to Nick and the readers that she is desperately trying to make herself appear superior, sophisticated and a part of the upper class. People of the upper class often wear white because it is good corrupted so it can be replaced. White can become creamed colored but cream color clothing cannot become white. This shows how patronage ones endless effort, the American Dream is unattainable. As proven with Myrtle and Toms relationship, Myrtle dream is very materialistic. agree to Michelle Hurley in her The End of the American dream she expresses Fitzgerald documenting the corruption through physicalism of what was once an era of genuine optimism and individualism the original American dream. This is shown through many characters but curiously Myrtle. Her immoral, wrongful and materialistic perception by the American dream literally led her to her own demise. Fitzgerald kills her off in chapter seven when she gets hit by the car she was chasing after. Myrtle represents the peop le from abase class that attempt to defy the social boundaries at any assertable cost. However, her fate unfolds that anyone who endeavors to disobey the American dream will suffer relentless and deadly consequences.Furthermore, Jay Gatsby also known as James Gatz executes multiple wrong actions driven by his desire to achieve wealth and hunch forward. Motivated by Dan Cody and his loathing of the poverty-stricken life, Gatsby seeks a simple way to become apart of the wealthy class. Therefore, Gatsby becomes involved in some illegal business this becomes especially obvious when Nick first meets Meyer Wolfsheim and Gatsby says, Oh, no, this isnt the man page number. Gatsby panics because Meyer Wolfsheim almost discloses confidential information about the business to the wrong person. Although it does not directly state in the novel that Gatsby is involved in the sell business, many clues such as Gatsbys relationships with questionable people like Mayor Wolfsheim as well as Ga tsbys storys about his past that never seems to add up suggest that Gatsby is not completely innocent. This also causes the readers to question how exactly he earned his fortune. In addition, this shows how Gatsbys morals openly oppose the idea of the American dream which states that only those who work hard can achieve it. Daisy Buchman means the human race to Gatsby his genuine American dream was to attain Daisys love. Everything he does in the novel he does for the touch on purpose of getting her back into his life. Daisy and Gatsby had a great love before he went off to represent his rural area in the war In her article The end of the American dream, Michelle Hurley explains that Daisy promised to wait for him but being fickle, materialistic and in demand she get married Tom Buchanan instead.. Not only does this show the carelessness and selfishness of the upper class but it also shows the cruelness of the American dream. Gatsby does everything to woo Daisy over he throws p arties in hope that one day she would attend one and he even gets involved in immoral business all with the sole purpose of getting Daisy to fall in love with him once again.Yet despite all of his efforts, Daisy screws him over and his American dream stabs him right in the back. Finally, for years Gatsby paints an unrealistic picture for himself of Daisy. Nick even tells Gatsby to stop expecting so very much from Daisy because she will crack from the pressure and he will lose her. Nick also repeatedly reminds Gatsby that the past cannot be recreated yet Gatsby continually opposes this idea. As a result of Daisys inability to reach this unreal fancy that Gatsby idealized constantly disappoints Gatsby and causes him to ask for more from her. In the end, he dies hold for her which represents the reality of the unreachable American dream. Gatsbys unrealistic and unachievable intelligence/ perception of the American dream, as well as his kindness and innocence, eventually leads him to disappointment and his own demise.Finally, Daisy Buchman was born and raised on the opposite social spectrum as Gatsby. As Gatsby remarks Daisys voice is full of money page NUMber her main value in life is wealth and social. She has adapted to her wealthy life-style ever since she was little which clouds her understanding and view of the American dream. As said by Jordan Sarah Head, Daisy and Toms common denominator is wealth and an upper-class position. Even after falling in love with Gatsby, Daisy marries Tom not as much because she loves him but because she loves what he represents. She believed that because of his considerable wealth he could care for her and make her happy but as once said by Denzel Washington Money doesnt buy happiness. This is why even though she is truly in love with Jay Gatsby she gives up her happiness for her materialistic values.Furthermore, Daisy Buchman and Gatsby come from the complete opposite sides of the wealth spectrum. Daisy Buchman has the lifestyle that most people believehttp//web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=10&sid=769a7693-0ce6-41e7-bba1-181bb4c496aa%40sessionmgr4006&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3dAN=9306106555&db=aqhhttp//web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=26&sid=769a7693-0ce6-41e7-bba1-181bb4c496aa%40sessionmgr4006Daisy Buchanan

The Kashmir Earthquake of Oct.8.2005

October 8 Kashmir Earthquake uphold on Geoenvironment and Structures in the Karnah and Uri Tehsils of Kashmir (India) A ministration-come- seism investigation police squad of the Centre for tragedy Studies and Research, University of Jammu, Jammu (India) vi layd the Karnah Tehsil of Kupwara district for the purpose of statistical distri only ifion of residual goods provided by the University of Jammu and the bolshy Cross. prof Amitabh Mattoo, Vice-Chancellor, University of Jammu, flagged off the team on 2nd November from Jammu.Professor Mattoo in any case accompanied the team upto Srinagar. The temblor investigation team plentyed the welkin for collection of the first glide by information on the geologic aspects and impact of the October 8 temblor in the Karnah and Uri Tehsils. The residual team surveyed the crossroadss around Tangdhar welkin and agreely the relief goods were distri be grimacesed among d stomachholds in the colonisations of shade, Nalchian, Sadan a (Nastachhun), Drangy be, Tangdhar and Rangwar on 4-5 November 2005. Tangdhar-Tithwal v al angiotensin converting enzymeeyLandslides on the PAK Neelam Valley Road Be spatial relations distribution of the relief goods among the worst make believeed tribe in the part the team members interviewed a cross-section of populace in these villages to know well-nigh their time to come destinys and problems they ar likely to face. The team found that shelter is the briny problem these hoi polloi would be facing on the onset of winter in the ara. The team as well as observed that the distribution of relief goods in the Karnah Tehsil was non according to the need of the masses.Some argonas arrestd too much of the relief that people started choosing among the goods that were distributed among them slice another(prenominal)(prenominal) aras (comparatively inaccessible atomic number 18as) all did not receive the relief at all or if get it was inadequate. A team Comprising of the following members Ghulam M. Bhat (Reader in Geology)*, San cryptical K. Pandita (Lecturer in Geology), Yudhbir Singh (Scholar Landslides), Vinay Sharma (Scholar Engineering Geology), Sham Singh (Scholar Sedimentology ) and Gulshan R Bhat (Scholar in Geography) visited the quake modify argonas in Kashmir from Nov 2nd to 12th , 2005.The report is filth on the investigations carried out by this team in Karnah and Uri Tehsils and was compiled in 3 rd week of November, 2005. *Post Graduate Department of Geology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180 006 E-mail * emailprotected com 1 on that point argon 54 villages in the Karnah Tehsil and around of them atomic number 18 in all destroyed by the quake. Hundreds of people lost their lives, and thou key opposes sport been badly injured. astir(predicate) 50000 people eat up been rendered homeless by the quake in Karnah Tehsil alone.The sweep still trembles with aftershock tremors universe felt every day. Most ho roles in the argona prepare collapsed into heaps of rubble, and the re main(prenominal)ing a nearly(prenominal) that are go forth standing have demonstrable severe cracks and can easily twig collect to aftershocks or under the weight of snow. Al around all people in the villages are now hold uping in tents and make moorage shelters make of stand sheets and wooden logs. They have lost salutaryly all their personal possessions, stocks of nutrition and domestic beasts. Almost all shops and schools in the field of view have been destroyed.Roads and themepaths preeminent to the villages off the main high decently smart have in entree been obturate by huge boulders and detritus skid externals. Agricultural field have genuine deep cracks and the irrigation channels have been clogged. The earthquake investigation team visited Uri and villages beyond in the Baramulla district from 7-12 Noerber. The situation in this field is as stark as in Karnah. All the villages have been exclusively flattened, with almost every individual(a) s bruteing destroyed. More than 514 people have lost their lives in this bailiwick in the quake.Almost all families victuals there have been rendered homeless. Ruined Thamni village (Karnah) Flattened Ibkot village (Karnah) Although the governing body claims providing of relief to all the affected people, but there are numerous complaints from the villagers rough the distribution of relief by the government. For apiece person killed by the quake the kith and kin have received a sum of Rs. 50,000 only. The government also claims that it has supplied a single, one-month ration of 11 kg of rice, 700 gm of sugar per person and tea leaves, formulation- and kerosene oil.Although most villagers have received rice and sugar, but numerous others said that they have not received any relief from the Government. Almost every body in the area made a complaint that tea leaves, kerosene- and cooking oil have not reached the villages flat afte r trinity weeks of the quake. flock leveled allegations of ample scale corruption in the distribution of the relief and accusations of topical anaesthetic anaesthetic level officials misappropriating relief funds and real(a). The team was told of the politicisation of relief, with different political parties providing relief to their own supporters and vote- cusss.Many people in these areas have lost foodgrains they had stored for the winter and they need supply of grains and other food articles for at least tetrad to quintuplet months. This part of Kashmir winesses severe winter and the temperature chokes below minus 15 degrees Celsius and experiences snowfall of six feet and more(prenominal). 2 The government has also announced a sum of Rs. ampere-second,000 for each alter house payable in devil instalments (Rs. 40,000 and Rs. 60,000). However, this exgratia relief has not yet been addicted to each and every house owner.Even or so of the aggrieved houses are yet to be registered, people claim. Those who have received this relief complaint that this get is too little, and is not regular enough to hire labour to remove the rubble and to purchase and transmit material to build temporary shelters, let alone for reconstructing their homes. They want that the amount be substantially profit and also insist that it should be paying in one instalment. Receiving it in 2 instalments, as many of them argue, would dream up that they might have to bribe the local anaesthetic officials twice, instead of once.The army has compete commendable role in the relief work at some focalizes, particularly immediately after the quake by transporting victims to hospitals, and providing relief material (food, shelter, etc. ) and medical assistance. Down set up tilting of the expressions Tithwal Flattened Batpura Kandi (Karnah) The team noticed that comparatively a fewer NGOs are twisty in providing relief in the quake hit areas, particularly in Tangdhar an d Uri. People in oecumenic complaint that these NGOs visit villages that are fit(p) on the main road, going out villages primed(p) high up in the locoweeds.The team met many people who had trekked from remote villages to Tangdhar and other villages on the main road in the hope of getting some food or clothing from exhalation relief vehicles. The powerful and influential people get much more while the miserable get inadequate relief and sometimes nothing. in that respect are several instances of looting the relief trucks on their way to Tandhar and Tithwal. In several villages ( snuggle the main roads and main towns) grownup piles of tog supplied by relief organisations have been thrown around. In some places people were using them to light bonfires to keep themselves warm.The relief organisations should send the materials of immediate use to the people, such as blankets, jackets, coats, socks and shoes, and kerocene oil. Most importantly, tin sheets are needed to build tem porary shelters to tide over the severe winter that awaits them. Geological investigation The Karnah Tehsils fall in spite of appearance the Kupwara district while the Uri Tehsil falls under the administrative control of the Baramulla district. The Tangdhar-Tithwal valley (Karnah) is drained by two main floats (the Batmaji River and the Qazinag River) which unneurotic confluence with the Neelam River (Kishanganga River) at Tithwal.On 3 each side of the Bathmaji and Qazi Nag Rivers are lofty view ranges which are disregard into narrow gorges and deep defiles. The terrain is furrowed and remains snow covered during the winter months. The famous Sadana enlighten, which lies at an meridian of 10417 feet in a higher place msl, cuts off the Karnah valley from the main Kashmir valley. The Tangdhar Tithwal valley hosts a nation of about 50 thou horse sense, which is mainly dependent on agriculture. A batch of the cosmos works in public and private sectors within and distant the state. there are 54 villages, which are situated in the two subsidiary river valleys.Geologically the full(a) grimemass of the Karnah Tehsil can be categorized in the three stratal categories including the sure-enough(a) alluvial sediment, older river terraces and the setting and hill slopes. Agriculture is being practiced on the older alluvium and at places the settlements also outlast on these deposits. Most of the settlements in the entire Karnah valley are wrapped either to the older river terraces or to the jalopy and hill slopes. As a rule the bus and hill slopes are defenceless to landrusticitys, landslides, detritus flows and guessing stones, as is the case with the Karnah valley.Also the older terraces are highly vulnerable to debris flows and cases during flash floods and earthquakes. The Karnah valley is prone to flash floods as is evident from the modern records and the geological evidences in the area. Our investigation reveals that in the prehistoric the entire area has witnessed the earthquake comparable with the October 8 earthquake and even of more tawdriness. This item has been con unanimoused by the local people who claim that their elders have revealed to them the furred of flash floods in the entire valley in the past that compelled them to shift their settlements to the fold slopes.The furry of nature did not spare them even at the higher elevations when severe earthquake laid low(p) the region in the past cleaning most of the inhabitants settled on the atomic reactor slopes. The skeletons of the interred gentlemankind beings are sometimes brought out of the debris due to landslides and slips at a understanding of about 20-m in both the Karnah and Uri areas. el am Ri ve r Ne 2150m 3 atomic number 6m 2250m Bathmaji River 1500 m Road Rupture 2000m 2100m Tract Fualt er River/stream Sinking Rupture zi N ag 1600m locality R iv 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 km Ruptures substantial on the mountain ridge delimitlines in Kar nah Area (G. M. Bhat et al. University of Jammu, 2005) Ka 4 Fig. 1 Tectonic represent of the Tangdhar-Tithwal sector, Karnah The October 8, 2005 earthquake move the entire Karnah Tehsil dekameteraging almost 100% structures, killing about 270 benignant beings and thousands of animals. The earthquake has devastated the mountain cliffs, ridges, slopes and even the agricultural palm. The road network in the entire Karnah Tehsil traverses through with(predicate) the unstable governs. The only construction materials available in the area are sways and timber. Almost all the residential and official constructions are multistoried and made up of rocks and timber.These structures are susceptible to collapse even at moderate earthquakes. It is be sweat of the poor foundations and unstable ground conditions of the area that almost all the buildings within a radius of 60 km of the epicenter collapsed and within the radius of 100 km of the epicenter all the buildings were partly disg raced. Liquefaction at Karalpura (Kupwara) Sand Blows at Simbal Camp, Jammu The Batmaji- and Qazinag Rivers are flowing on the fault lines in the Tangdhar-Tithwal area. The October 8 earthquake that occurred on the Main Boundary thrusting has activated these subsidiary fault lines in the area.The evidences are seen on either side of these fault lines on the mountain ridges whose expression is megascopic on the mountain slopes in the form of granditudinal cracks. These cracks are a few meters in aperture and a few meters deep on the mountain ridges. At places a tumid slip of about 1-m is seen in these mountain ridge cracks. We noticed these ridge cracks from Tithwal through greenish Patch, Dhaken, Amrui, Tad, Sadana Pass, to Chokibal and from Tithwal through Tangdhar Bakhain, Rangwar and Karalpura to Nutnusa. The salient features of these fractures and the field keeps taken on these displacements are briefly descri have intercourse here.Karalpura An earthquake of order 4. 4 with its epicenter at lat 34. 59 0 N and long 73. 620 E on 3rd of November, 2005 at 0625 hours produced liquefaction in the village of Karalpura. On our return from Tangadhar on 7 th of November the process was on and the area of activity had spread over to about 4 square up km in the neighbourhood. in that respect are a deed of other sites in this area where piss system was oozing out of the paddy fields and in the Dar Mohalla of the Karalpura town. On the 3rd of November the pee gushed out at three spots in the Dar Mohalla and ejected wispy sand in large standard which was thrown into the air upto 1. m. Liquefaction is a process that occurs when a loosely jam-packed grain framework is suddenly broken scratch off the grains rifle temporarily suspended in the pore fluid, and settle through the fluid, displacing it upward, until grain-supported 5 structure is re-established. The lower threshold of shudder zeal of about MM VI can produce liquefaction in sensitive deposits . Liquefaction can be developed at earthquake magnitudes as low as about 5, but that a magnitude of about 5. 5 to 6 is the lower cook at which liquefaction effects become relatively common.At Karalpura the sand blow craters are 0. 7 m in diameter and have ejected black sand in large quantity. It is located at about 100-km aerial hold from the epicenter of the earthquake. The ejected sand suggests the alluvial fan deposits at depth. It is interesting to note that the Karalpura liquefaction initiated due to an earthquake of magnitude 4. 4 and after one months decimal point from the main quake. The liquefaction associated with the October 8 earthquake and aftershocks offers an opportunity to develop relations to hold back the magnitude of the past earthquakes in the very(prenominal) tectonic setup.It is also the better(p) reference to compare its dimensions with the palaeo-liquefaction and thereby to assess the recurrence interval for big events for the same unstable source o r an average interval for a region. The liquefaction process can help to identify the earthquake prone areas and digest to the earthquake hazard assessment. 2700m 1800m Kamalkot Chakoti 1100m Kaman Urusa 1300m 1350m Chakra Isham 1400m 2000m Jabla Uri 1400m 1400m Salamabad Lagama 1400m Fault Line Locality Kamalkot Mt Ghundi 1600m Basgiran grand Turk Dhakki m e lu Jh R iv er Road(NH) River/ watercourse Path Sinking Rupture 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 kmRuptures developed on the mountain ridges in Uri-Kaman Post sector (G. M. Bhat et al. , Geology Department, University of Jammu, 2005) Fig. 2 Tectonic map of the Uri-Kaman Post Sector, Kashmir 6 Loss of Agricultural fields (Patti Thamni) Karnah Building on the older alluvium (Karnah) jet-propelled plane Patch light-green patch is the mountain ridge at an elevation of about 1900-m above msl. Below this ridge is situated the villages of Beari and Dringla on its westerly and eastern slopes respectively. These villages host about 100 households with a universe of discourse of about 700. The entire settlement has been razed to the ground.The mountain slopes have been cracked both longitudinally and transversally. The cracks unthaw collimate to each other for a few hundred of meters and are often cut crosswise by subsidiary cracks. The aperture of the main cracks ranges from 1 m to 4 m and a discernible depth of about 3-m. At the ridge of the Green Patch there exists a large crack which runs all along the ridge for about 1. 0 km till it coincides with the another crack developed in the adjoining mountain ridge crude across the Green Patch ridge. On either slope of the Green Patch Mountain longitudinal and transverse cracks of different sizes have developed.The longitudinal cracks run collimate to the main ridge crack. The vertical slip of the Green Patch ridge is about 1. 0 m with the crack aperture attack 4 m. Cracks in Green Patch Mt. ridge Shattered rocks on the Green Patch Mt. ridge Dakhen The Dakhen Mountain is about 2000 m above msl and on its eastern side are situated the villages of Ibkot, Pati Dakhen, Pati Thamni and Bahadarkot and on its western side is situated the Green Patch. The mountain ridge is fissured all along the ridge for a few kilometers in the NNE-SSW direction. Main lithology of the mountain is 7 quartzites and phyllites.On either side of the ridge occur a lean of analog fractures on the slopes whose aperture ranges from 15 cm to a maximum of 1. 0 m. These fractures are deep and the visible depth is 1. 5 m. At the mountaintop the vertical slip of about 0. 75 m has taken place. There are about 90 households situated on both the sides of this mountain with a existence of about 400. Almost all the houses are razed to the ground with plodding human race casualty and tremendous loss to the livestock. The slopes are vulnerable to the landslips and debris flows, which can trigger during rains and future earthquakes.Tithwal Mountain Ridge The Tithwal Mountain ridge is also fissured and has resulted in the rock falls, which has inundated the Tithwal town. The road section beyond Tithwal town has been scrapped out into the Neelam River. Tithwal village is almost 100% misemployd. A few buildings are standing but are unsafe for living. Settlements in the foot of the mountain range are highly vulnerable to future landslips and guesswork stones. Chhamkot-Sikh yoke The villages between Chhamkot and Sikh Bridge include Pingla-Haridal and Chitarkot. At Pingla-Haridal is situated a hydroelectric power sick of 2 MW capacity on the Qazinag River.This power end lies just below the confluence of the Batmaji River with the Qazinag River and has been severely constipationd by the earthquake. The massive debris flow has occurred in this stretch of the valley and a large piece of agricultural land has got lost. Two human bodies are still buried under the huge debris fall deposit near the powerhouse site in the Qazinag Riverbed. The paddy fields on either side of this stretch of the valley have developed parallel cracks running along the river course (NNW-SSE) whose aperture ranges from a few centimeters to 0. m. The visible depth of these cracks is about 2 m. A large fissure cuts across the National Highway at Chitarkot. The aperture of the fissure is 1. 0 m and its visible depth is almost 3 m. From Chitarkot towards Sikh Bridge a number of debris fall deposits have destroyed the National Highway. . Fissures in the Green Patch Mountain Building on the older river terrace 8 Kandi The Kandi village lies on either side of the highway and has been devastated by the earthquake. It hosts a population of about 1500 confined to about 350 households.On the hill side of this townspeople emanates a spring on the mountain slope, which ejects black and creamy slurry at regular intervals. The water content of the springs in the area has also increased after the earthquake. Below the townspeople of Kandi are situated the villages of Chanpura and Trebani w hich together hosts a population of about 200 in about 40 households. The earthquake has destroyed all the households and has crackd the paddy fields. Liquefaction has occurred during the main earthquake at a number of places in the area.The mountain slope on the eastern side of these villages has been fissured at the ridge and at a number of places on its slope. The slip is about a meter at the ridge. At a number of places debris and rock falls have inundated the houses situated at the foot of the mountain and a few houses are innately buried under the debris. Opposite the Kandi Bala a tipper has been buried under the debris which has fallen from this mountain. Tangdhar Bakhain The Bakhain Ridge is also fissured which runs parallel to the Tangdhar nar in the vicinity of Tangdhar town.On either side of this ridge are situated number of villages and an army camp. The rocks of the mountain are mainly quartzite and form its steep slopes on either side. The all mountain has developed fissures of different sizes, which run parallel to the main ridge fissure. The main fissures are 3 m deep having an aperture of 1 m. The vertical displacement is about 0. 5 m. On either side of the mountain slope rock falls have taken place and scarps have developed. Boulders as big as a building have slipped down the mountain and hit the buildings situated at the foot of the mountain.There is high find of locomote of these hanging rock full stops and can be of serious consequences. grounds of the past human settlements exists on this mountain. It is said that Dub Wali Mosque was situated on this mountaintop in the past. An earthquake of severe intensity destroyed the settlement. There are a few Okhalies scattered on the mountain slopes and its top, which have been mold out in huge rock blockings of quartzites. Besides, a number of ear therefore parts (broken) are scattered on the slopes and mountaintop, a few of them engraft in the topsoil of the mountain. Fissure at the Ta ngdhar BakhainOkhali found at the Bakhain Mt ridge 9 Sadana Pass (Nasta Chhun) On the left side of the Sadana Pass lies the snow-covered mountain known as Eagle top on which was situated an army post. On the day of earthquake rock fall occurred on this mountain resulting in the burial of the army post killing 12 jawans who are buried there for ever. On the ridge of this mountain fissures have developed which are in continuity with the fissures developed in the mountain ridges of the Karnah valley. On the National Highway 4 km out front the Sadana Pass fissures have occurred on the mountain slopes which traverse the highway also.In the same direction and in its continuity lies the mountain at Rangwar, which has developed large fissures similar to those of the Karnah Valley Mountains. The Rangwar village has been totally devastated and a population of about 100 people has shifted from the village to the roadside (a walk of about 2 hours). In this locality parallel fissures have resu lted in rock- and debris falls inundating the settlements and the agricultural fields. Below this location towards Kupwara the intensity of damage is progressively decreasing.However, it is not known whether fissures have developed in the mountain ridges and slopes of this belt or not. Evidences of pull in the agricultural fields and around the settlement at Karalpura suggest that fissures may have also developed in the vicinity of these areas. We observed liquefaction at Armpura, Nutnusa, and Badarkal on its journey to Uri via Kupwara-Handwara-Baramulla road. The local residents said that on the earthquake day blue coloured water ejected out of these liquefaction craters and at a few places brownish water emanated.The craters have dried up since but the scars are still present in these areas. People also revealed that water in the springs in these areas has increased due to the earthquake. We were told by the local people in the entire Karnah valley about the abnormal animal behav ior (dogs and jackals) one day before the earthquake struck the area. They govern that at the mountain ridges and slopes flames were seen emanating at the places where ruptures have occurred. This was followed by the dust bursts into the air. The intensity was so severe that for the full day the visibility was very poor.It was not until the rains started on the evening of October 8 that settled the dust clearing the atmosphere. During our stay in the Karnah valley 3-4 aftershocks were felt daily whose intensity was enough to cause further damage to the hanging structures, groins and tilting of the trees. The area is still experiencing the aftershocks and none of them of magnitude above 6 (IMD). 10 Kaman Post bridge The inner walls whole in a mud mortar house (Karnah) On the way to Uri from Baramulla we observed fissures developed on the banks of the Jhelum River near Sheeri.The fissures are continuous along the riverbanks whose aperture varies from a few centimeters to more than meter. The visible depth of these fissures is more than 2 m. On the left bank of Jhelum River at this location there are cracks in the mountain slopes which can be traced upto Tangamerg and beyond. Jehlum River bank near Kichhama Buildings on the bed rock near Red Bridge, Uri The spring situated near the mountain foot at the village Kichhama has completely dried up immediately after the October 8 earthquake. The spring water was used to irrigate about three hundred kanals of paddy land in the area.The fissures are traceable from this locality through the villages of Malpura, Dangapura, Sultanpura Kandi, Dudhbug, Nilasar, Chunti Pathri, Babarishi upto Tangmarg. In this belt the intensity of damage to the buildings increases towards the mountain slopes and their foot belt. Most of the buildings are not safe for living in this belt. Uri to Kaman Post The National Highway 1A from Uri to Kaman Post, a stretch of 17. 2 km, is totally damaged by the earthquake. The highway stretches have b een washed away completely at a number of places.Culverts, bridges and other infrastructures have been damaged. It was in this sector of the highway that 66 Beacon personnel, who were at work, got killed during the earthquake. A number of vehicles including those of Beacon and private 11 sector have got damaged on this highway. Landslips, debris- and rock falls and pellet stones have struck most of the road sections. Almost total stretch of the highway has developed cracks along and across its entire aloofness from Uri to Kaman Post. The main bridges, which have been damaged, include those of Red Bridge, partner off Bridge and the Aman Sethu.The most damaged bridge is the Aman Sethu whose one abutment on the PAK side and one panel of 70 m in length has been completely destroyed. All the buildings from Uri onwards have been damaged and the intensity of damage is complete beyond the Uri town. The area hosts a population of about cxv thousands. On either side of the Jhelum River the mountain ridges and their slopes have been fissured. The fissures run parallel to the river axis. The most devastated ridges include those at Sultan Daki, Kamalkot on the rightbank of the Jhelum River.The left bank mountain ridges and slopes fissured occur at Kaman Post, between km 8-10 to Kaman Post, Salamabad and Uri. Damaged and blocked Uri-Kaman Post-Muzzaf furthermostabad Road sections Sultan Dhaki and Kamalkot On the mountain ridge above the township of Sultan Daki a large fissure has occurred on the eastern slope due to the October 8 earthquake. Black and brownish coloured water emanated from a number of spots which gushed out into the air a few tens of feet on the day of earthquake, said one soldier posted at a near by army post.Earlier the quantity of water emanating from this spring was a few inches, which is now flowing in the form of a large stream capable to run a few mills. The quantity of black water emanated from this fissure can be judged from the fact that the col our of the Jhelum River water from this point downriver turned black for about 15 old age. The rocks on the mountain slopes over which the stream is flowing have turned either black or brown, which can be seen from the distant location on the National Highway. A similar water ejection has taken place on the same mountain ridge at Kamalkot about 5 km downstream. both(prenominal) the areas have suffered a great damage as far as the buildings, livestock and the human causalities are concerned. These two townships have become most vulnerable to future landslips, rock- and debris falls and shooting stones. The 12 fissures developed on these mountain ridges and slopes are 4 to 5 m in aperture, more than 6 m in visible depth and are continuous for a few kilometers. There are a number of transverse cracks, which have developed across the longitudinal fissures. There is visible movement along these cracks in the entire area, which has frightened the local populace in general.At many places in this belt the agricultural land has been washed away by the landslips and debris falls. It is in this area that skeletons of human beings get exposed from the old debris, which has accumulated over them for the last few centuries. Possibly a strong earthquake may have struck this area devastating the settlements on these mountain slopes which got buried under the falling debris at that time. Similar is the situation today that at a number of places in the entire sector many of human bodies are lying under the huge mass of debris, which fell on them during the fresh earthquake.Sultan Dhaki Mt. rupture (Kamalkot) Upslope tilting of the structure at Kamalkot Kaman Post The abutment of the Kaman Post Bridge (Aman Sethu) has been completely damaged on the PAK side. It is completely grounded and one of the three panels on that side is also completely destroyed. The central two piers have developed cracks at the foundation level and are unsafe for future use. On the Indian side abutmen t being partially built on the bed rock has sustained the shock. However, the complete bridge should be reconstructed on the firm foundation preferably at a new location.The bridge is located over the Khaliane de Kas (dry nala) through which runs a subsidiary fault of the Jhelum Tear Fault. The older river terrace at the Kaman Post on the PAK side has fallen into the nala over which the bridge is erected. The whole highway stretch on the PAK side is also destroyed. National Highway at Km 8 to 10 At this location the highway is damaged and a portion of it has been washed away. There exist a number of longitudinal cracks on the highway, which run parallel to the fissures, which have developed on the mountain ridges and their slopes. The fissures are about 1 m in aperture and a few meters deep.There is a vertical slip of about 1-m along these cracks. These displacements have resulted in rock- and debris falls and shooting stones in this sector of the highway. The settlements on these m ountain slopes have been completely destroyed. peeing in the springs emanating on these slopes have increased due to the earthquake. However, slowly and steady is now decreasing. We 13 observed cracks cutting across the main fissures on the mountain slopes along which vertical displacement has taken place. Red Bridge Both the abutments of the Red Bridge have developed cracks.One of the abutments has partially fallen. There are severe cracks developed on the road and fissures occur at the mountain slopes at this location. These fissures are in continuity with other fissures developed on the mountain ridges in the area. Cracks on the slope at Jula village, Uri Twin Bridge, Uri Twin Bridge The earthquake has also destroyed the Twin Bridge. Both of its abutments have been damaged and the cracks are developed on the road section. These cracks are also expression of the main fissures developed on the mountain ridges and their slopes in the area.Besides the main bridges on the highway sec tor from Uri to Kaman Post a number of culverts have been partially damaged. Mention may be made of these damaged bridges and culverts i. e. , Red Bridge, Twin Bridge, Kaman Post Bridge, Lagama culvert, Salamabad, Urusa, Bhim Post, etc. Structures The intensity distribution estimated and interpreted by the Pakistan Geological Survey is near associated with the rupture zone (Hussain et al. , 2006). Within the rupture zone, the city of Muzaffarabad suffered great damage (IX-X on MMI scale), and the city of Balakot was almost totally destroyed (X on MMI scale).Outside the narrow (5-10 km) breadth of the rupture zone, the signs of damage appeared to be fairly minor. While damage has been account in more distant locations such as Abbottabad (35 km from rupture zone), Islamabad (64 km), and Lahore ( 250 km distant), and has been attributed to local site effects or poor construction rather than direct intense shaking from the earthquake. elude 1 Locality-wise intensity of earthquake af fected areas in Jammu and Kashmir Locality Intensity Locality Intensity 14Simbal Camp (Jammu)* IX Trebani IX Chanpura IX Uri Tehsil Kamalkot X Tad IX Sultan Dhaki crossroads IX Chitarkot X Sultan Dhaki pile X Chamkot X Urusa IX Pingla Haridal X Jabla IX Bahadarkot X Salamabad viii Ibkot X Lagama VII Dakhan X Kichhama IX Gundi Saiyidan IX Nambla IX Gundi Gujaran IX Sadwanian IX Gundi Shath IX Isham IX Thamni X Dringla X Karnah Tehsil Rangwar IX Tithwal X Drangyare IX Beari X Nastachhun VII Green Patch IX Bagh Bella IX Kupwara and Handwara Nalchian IX Karalapura* IX Tangdhar VIII Natnus* IX Tangdhar Bakhain VIII Armpura* IX Kandi Bala X Badarkal* IX * Intensity measured on the basis of liquefaction only knock back 2 Locality-wise building types and shareage of damages Simbal Camp (Jammu) Kamalkot Sultan Dhaki Village Urusa Jabla Salamabad Lagama Kichhama Rangwar Tangdhar Tangdhar Bakhain Kandi Bala Chanpura Tad Chitarkot Chamkot Pingla Haridal Bahadarkot Ibkot Dakhan Thamni Dring la Tithwal Beari A&B C&D B, C & D B, C & D C&D B&C B&C B C&D A, B, C&D B&C B&C B&C C&D B&C B&C B&C C&D C&D C&D D B, C&D B, C&D C&D 2-3% 90-95% 90-95% 60-70 % 60-70% 65-75% 40-50% 30-40% 80-90% 50-65% 60-80% 80-90% 80-90 % 100% 80-90 % 75-80 % 80-90 % 90-95% 100% 100 % 100 % 80-90% 100% 100% The damage by the earthquake in Karnah and Uri areas has been severe close to the epicenter in the range of 50 km and progressively decreasing away. The intensity of 15 damage at confused localities in the surveyed areas on the revised MMI Scale (ABAG, 2003) is given in Table 1. The type of the houses and the percentage of damages are shown in Table 2. In both the areas of Uri and Karnah most of the villages are built either on the older river terraces or on the hill slopes. The constructed houses in these areas are by and large single or double storey un-reinforced earthen wall stone masonry buildings.Stone masonry buildings are more common in these villages. The stone masonry walls consisted o f irregularly pose undressed/dressed stones, rectangular and rounded, that were laid in cement sand and mud mortar. A significant number of casualties and injuries were associated with the total collapse of these structures. Unreinforced one or two storey brick masonry buildings with roofs constructed with wood and CGI tin sheets are also seen in these areas. These structures were also razed to the ground within the 10 km range of LOC. The area affected by major(ip) shaking lies within a radius of 50 km from the epicenter with the destructiveness of the shaking trim back quickly as one move away from the LOC.The intensity of the shaking has been severe in Karnah- and Uri Tehsils in the vicinity of LOC. In these areas a 1. 0 to 1. 5 m vertical slip component has caused the extreme damage to the structures. These structures mostly collapsed in place, rather than being thrown over or developing diagonal tension cracks. Our observations in Kashmir reveal that three types of ground co nditions prevail in the earthquake affected areas. We also observed four types of building structures including Masonry A, B, C, and D in these areas. The intensity of damage varied in the three types of ground conditions even for the same type of masonry structure (both bevel and modern engineered structures).In case of concrete block construction, the problems include poor block strength, weak mortar and lack of seismic detailing. In whole of the Karnah area we noticed two buildings constructed following the building codes. These buildings have behaved different to the earthquake shaking due to the different ground conditions. In general fire-clay brick masonry wall buildings have performed better than the other types of wall construction. A number of buildings in the area are wooden frame structure filled block or brick wall with either cement or mud adhesive plaster finish. Either type of buildings has suffered damages different one another according to the ground conditions i n the area.The Jammu and Kashmir State has been classified in the zone-IV with two patches displace in zone V in the seismotectonic map of India 2002. These estimates are found on scanty earthquake record of the area. The northwestern part of Himalaya has been drop regarding the studies on earthquakes and crustal deformation as compared to other parts of India. A series of active thrusts and faults are running across the state. Seismic hazard is not given a great deal of attention in urban planning and policy decisions, and seismic design does not appear to be high priority in the state. There is no code enforcement in the region. The observations mentioned above should be kept in view while formulating building codes for these and other similarly situated areas in Jammu and Kashmir.We also suggest that micro-zonation of the major cities and towns are taken up at priority basis before the building codes are formulated for the state. Other Aspects 16 In addition to the geological investigations we collected data on other aspects including village-wise ending tool of human and livestock and loss of structures. The villages and towns surveyed include Tangdhar, Kandi, Ibkot, Dringla, Tithwal and Uri. The salient features of this study ground on questionnaire filled up by the randomly selected 87 householders are given in Tables 3 to 6. Stone masonry building on the bed rock at Kandi Concrete Building on the older alluvium (Tribuni) Table 3 No. f Deaths in the households of the Surveyed villages Area Deaths pct (%) Uri Sultan Dhaki 26 38. 80 Kamalkot 09 13. 45 Ibkot 07 10. 45 Kandi 08 11. 94 Panjtaran 15 22. 38 Tangdhar Beari 02 2. 98 Total 06 67 100. 0 Villages Table 4 Demographic Change in the Population of the Surveyed Area S. No 1 2 3 Sex & Age Male Child distaff Child Male gravid recent Present Dead population population 141 121 20 (29. 85) 107 165 143 556 102 143 123 489 05 (7. 47) 22 (32. 83) 20 (29. 85) 67 4 Female Adult Total 17 Figure 1 Past & Pr e sent Population Status 180 160 140 great hundred 100 80 60 40 20 0 M ale Fem ale Child Child Male Fe m ale Adult Adult Number pas t pop. res ent pop. Age & Sex Groups Table 5 Availability of amenities in the Surveyed Population Amenities Uri Available 25 05 00 00 00 Tangdhar Available 16 14 00 14 00 Electricity weewee teaching Ration Medical facility Not Available 00 20 05 20 00 Partially Available 00 00 20 05 25 Not Available 46 48 60 46 38 Partially Available 00 00 02 02 24 It can be viewed that about 31 percent of the households have got fully fledged Govt. /Social amenities and 69 percent of the households are partially benefited. The educational facility in both the areas has come to standstill. The list of village-wise deaths reported from Uri Tehsil is given in Table7.Table 6 Status of loss from the total households of the surveyed area statement Loss No loss Total Conclusions In the Karnah valley the mountain ranges on either side of the Batmaji and Qazinag Rivers hav e developed fissures at their ridges and their subsidiaries on their slopes. The fault line lies along these rivers, which has got activated by the recent shoes ( % ) 85 (97. 7) 02 (2. 3) 87 (100. 0) Livestock ( % ) 22 (25. 28) 65 (74. 72) 87 (100. 0) 18 earthquake. This has resulted in a net vertical slip in the entire area, which has its expression in the development of fissures on the ridges of the mountains. The area is witnessing the aftershocks of intermediate magnitude daily whose frequency varies between 2 to 3. The expression of this fault line is traceable beyond the Karnah valley across the Sadana Pass in theKupwara Tehsil through Chokibal, Rangwar, Nutnusa, and beyond. The ongoing liquefaction process at and around Karalpura should be closely monitored because it involves more areas with the passage of time. This is also necessary because this location is the only one that has got involved in this process after the main earthquake of October 8. Its intensity increases w ith the increase in the magnitude of the earthquakes taking place in the region. Deaths in polar Age Groups 17% 40% 015 1630 3159 23% 20% 60+ Similarly the mountain ranges in the Uri-Kaman Post sector of the Uri Tehsil have developed fissures on the ridges with subsidiaries on their slope.These fissures are developed on either side of the Jhelum River. In this area the Jhelum Tear Fault runs all along the river axis and has got activated by the recent earthquake. Evidences suggest that the readjustment of the rocks is still in progress and results in earthquakes whose epicenter is located around this area. The USGS observatories have also recorded the seismic activity in its vicinity. This fault line needs to be closely monitored during the times to come. Of all the surveyed households 71. 3 percent have received relief material in terms of money and clothes, tents, blankets etc. but 28. 7 percent of the households are yet to receive the relief material from the government agencies .From the total surveyed households more than half of the households i. e. 58. 6 percent want to move from their native areas, while as a total of 41. 4 percent want to hold back there. From the surveyed households it was observed that 62. 1 percent of the people are in a state of high mental form and 37. 9 percent had been affected to a moderate extent. Of the total 41 injured people from the surveyed households 17 people were seriously injured while as 24 people were partially injured. The households also received a serious loss in terms of their livestock i. e. , a total of 22 households had their livestock completely perished. 19 Table 7 Village-wise death toll in the Uri Tehsil S. NO. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 pick out OF settlement KAMALKOTE BANDI SARAI CHAPPAR KUNDI BARAJALA SADARA SULTAN DHAKKI BASGRAN DACHI NAWA ARUNDA URDOSA CHAKRA ISHAM BATGRAN GOHALAN CHRUNDA TILWARI URI DEATHS 86 53 10 39 19 46 21 4 22 7 10 24 7 7 31 1 13 S. NO 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 NAME OF VILLAGE URI MOHURA LIMBER BANDI BRAHMANA MACHI SUKHDHAR DARAGUTILAN DAWARAN DHANI SYDAN CHOOLAN ZAMORPATTAN THAJAL GINGAL GAWALTA NAMBLA TOTAL DEATHS 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 514 Suggestions and Future Plan The Uri-II hydroelectric (HE) Project is under construction, which is a concrete straight gravity dam across the Jhelum River, at 1 km upstream of Dachhi Bridge near Salamabad village. During the recent earthquake the buildings of the project have been severely damaged and some damage has been caused to the dam structure as well.The project is a run of the river scheme with its weir near Dachhi village where from the water will be turn through 540 m open channel followed by 4. 275 km long HRT to underground power house (PH) at Sadwanian village on the left bank of Jhelum River. The discharge from the PH will be divert to the Jhelum River through a 3775-m TRT with its fallout in Gosalta nala near Urusa. The catchment area of Jh elum River up to dam site of Uri-II HE project is 13400 km2 comprising 12743 Km2 catchment area up to Uri-I go works and 657 km2 intermediate catchment area up to Uri-II dam site. The Design bombardment (PMF) has been calculated as 4850 m3/sec. The Full Reservoir Level (FRL) is at 1241 m and the gross storage at FRL is 634. 31 ha m.The downstream areas vulnerable to inundation by dam observe flood should be shown in the inundation map. The inundation map should be prepared with the help of water surface elevation profile, which has been computed for maximum flood elevation and discharges at various downstream locations. The detailed inundation map on 12,000-scale should be prepared and displayed at all the downstream flood prone locations characterization maximum water level that would be attained. The elevation also should be marked on the inundation maps depicting the topographic and geographical lucubrate of downstream areas. 20 Both the areas (Karnah and Uri) fall in the r enewing zone between seismic zones IV and V.From north to south three main thrusts occur in the region. They include the Main Karakoram Thrust, which separates the Hindukush-Karakoram belt from the Island Arc of Kohistan. In the south the Main Mantle Thrust separates the latter from Peshawar and Kashmir basins. The southern most is the Main Boundary Thrust, which separates the Lesser Himalaya from the Outer Himalaya. Panjal- and Murree Thrusts are the main tectonic planes that traverse the area. Besides, the Jhelum Tear Fault running in the N-S direction upto Muzzaffarabad and then E-W upto Baramulla separating the Peshawarfrom the Kashmir basin is the most active tectonic plane in the area.Though the area of downstream impact of the Uri-II is only spread over for about 15 km on the Indian side of the LOC but a population of about 7600 people is settled within the reach of dam break flooding. Besides, large population and agricultural and forestlands are at risk in case of dam failu re beyond 10 km downstream reach in the PAK. Dam break would also adversely affect these areas. Therefore, monitoring of the RIS and seismic activity in the area is of utmost importance. The water level v/s flood wave has been worked out for project by one of us (GMB) which is given in figure below. peeing Level v/s Flood Wave Level 1250 1250 1150 1100 1050 kB 950 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Down stream Locations Water level Level of Flood Wave Water Level (m) 1150 1100 1050 mebibyte 950S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Distance from Dam site (d/s) Dam Axis 200m 700m 2950m 3110m 6100m S. No 7 8 9 10 11 Distance from Dam site (d/s) 8225m 10100m 11475m 12919m 14915m The area has experienced earthquakes of moderate to severe intensity in the past. The epicenters of major earthquakes in Kashmir are related with the mega- (more than 200 km) and intermediate lineaments (100-200 km). However, there is no documentation of seismic activity along the thrusts cutting across the project area. Therefore, a plan of seismic care of the area by establishing a network of seismic monitoring stations is proposed preferably jointly by India and Pakistan.There are evidences of neotectonic 21 Level of Flood Wave (m) 1200 1200 activity along the thrusts in the area these thrusts should also be kept under the surveillance for such activities. The area is traversed by Panjal- and Murree Thrusts and Jhelum Fault and, falls in the transition zone between seismic zones IV and V. Besides, a number of lineaments transversely cutting across this thrust- and fault imbricate make the area more prone to neotectonic activity. These structural discontinuities coupled with joint systems and foliation in the rocks of the area makes it more prone disasters. Acknowledgements We wish to place on record genuinely gratitude due to Prof.Amitabh Mattoo, Vice-Chancellor, University of Jammu without whose inspiration, guidance and help the first outreach activity of the Centre for contingency Studies and Research would not have been possible. We gratefully acknowledge the support across-the-board by the BRO (Beacon) officials (Brigadier S. S. Dasaka, CE Lt. Col. Jyant Bhamare, O/C 53 RCC and Maj. Y. C. Srivastava, O/C 109 RCC) during our stay in the area and conducting geological investigations. Thanks are due to Army Officials 3 Panjab and Dogra Regiment for their help in conducting the geological survey in the sensitive areas under their command. We gratefully acknowledge the help rendered by Qazi Ab.Hameed (younger brother of ViceChancellor, University of Kashmir), Qazi of the Karnah, whose company with us in the field for two days proved very fruitful in collecting the vital geological information from the area. We would like to place on record the co-operation extended to us by people in guiding us to the most affected areas in the region. We also received help from the J&K law Department, Beacon and district authorities in the distribution of relief goods in the quake affected areas of Kar nah. References ABAG (2003). Modified Mercalli intensity scale from Richter, C. F. , 1958, Elementary Seismology , W. H. freewoman and Co. , San Francisco, pp. 135-149 650-653. Bhat, G. M. , Pandita, S. K. , Singh Yudhbir, Singh Sham, Sharma Vinay and Bhat Gulshan (2005).Report on Quake hit Karnah and Uri Tehsils, Kashmir, pp. 1-22 Hussain, S. , Ahmed, N. , Khazai, B. , Ali, Q. , Ali, S. M. and Khan, M. (2006). The Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005 Impacts in Pakistan. EERI Special earthquake report 22 The Members of the Relief come Earthquake Investigation team up University of Jammu Sitting First Row left to right Kanchan Sharma, Sanjeev Sharma, Shahnawaz, Iftekhar Sitting consequence Row left to right Sham Singh, Vinay Sharma, Rashid Choudhary, Yudhbir Singh Standing from left to right Vikrant Singh, Prof. Ashok Aima, Prof. V. K. Kapoor, Dr. G. M. Bhat, Dr. S. K. Pandita, Ajay Kumar, Gulshan Rashid Bhat 23