History of science, technology, society, and nature/environment Essay

Thomas Hughes is a symbol of proficient furtherment in analogy to evolving scientific facts, milieu and social order. He was initially practised as an Engineer and showed that applied science consists of systems and not merely artefacts. This systems embodies social opinions as well as scientific aspects. This led to the social construction of the proficient system. He offers a means to look at the sexual congresss that exists mingled with the lodge, scientific advancements and the environment.Hughes looks at engineering as a means by which changes in the society whitethorn be effected in relation to science, he in addition give room to the appraisal that the distribution of engine room may not bring about a revolution in the social and science systems. A number of scholars book various uttered ideas towards the aspect of scientific determinism in relation to technological system Marx in 1994 supported the idea that technological determinism is the force that tends to drives history. The French scholar Jacques Ellul alludes that engineering is the most powerful force in modern science and is beyond the retard of humans.Other scholars reject this fact and claim that the distribution of engine room is determined by the social changes that atomic number 18 present in the society and not the vice versa. Hughes adapts a middle ground by feeling at the technological systems in the society which may include interlinking networks of artifacts, organizations and the state rather than the science that brought about the technologies. (Marx, Smith, 1994). The modern world is as a result of technologies evolving over a period of time and in the process they grow more complex achieving a certain mannikin of interconnection.This makes technology to be more difficult to control. (Cassidy, 1962). Hundreds and perhaps thousands of people are required to exert the systems this brings out the aspect of society in technological distribution. Thomas Hughes indeed connects technology advancement to the presence of animate scientific knowledge and the presence of societal determine that lead maintain and advance the system. Ford claims that technology rousenot be separated from the aspects of the environment in this solecism he refers to the environment in terms of social, economic, political and cultural.The existing systems pass on determine kind of policies that will be put in assign in order to direct the pace of technology. The other side of the idea also occupys to the advancement of the various aspects of life repayable to the pace of technological improvement. in that location is strike to relate the various aspects of the human life with technology, It is as principal(prenominal) as nation building and constitution making. These are important societal values that produce a significant effect on advancing the human life. Technological affairs are a multifariousness of several aspects of life, which also includes social c erstwhilerns.The introduction of the e mail, facebook, twitter and other social sites is a technological advancement that has changed the way people relate with each other, it has brought people from across the world much closer and on that pointfore a social concern whether it leans to a positive or a negative manner. The political concerns that contain arisen due to technology cannot be ignored, In the United States, likely presidential candidates have used various advancements in technology to campaign, President Obama was able to appeal to a majority of the four-year-old voters as he was able to reach them on social sites by means of emails and short messages.This brings out Taylor ideas on how technology is connected to societal values and political factors. The interaction of technology and other subjects does not stop there it affects economic policies and scientific laws. Insull states that the policies relating to economy have changed byout the world as a res ult of Advancement of technology.Apple Inc Company is a correct example of this, its products such as the iphone has been well received in the marketplace therefore building confidence in the trading of shares of Technological firms due to the interaction nature, the government therefore reduced tariffs on technological firms due to the resources they were pumping into the economy and jobs they were creating (Cassidy, 1962). Hughes tends to bring out the blood mingled with technology, environment and the society through his advancement of the systems orgasm theory.Hughes tends to argue that the production, contagion and distribution of electricity occur in a technological environment. This environment does not only relate to the technology but economic, educational, administrative and intelligent factors also contribute to the process. Hughes therefore advocates for unity among these factors as much as they may be diverse, he also calls for coherence from the chaos that may re sult from the interaction of this factors. The technological system may only weather if it can withstand influence from the external environment, the only way it can do this is through incorporating this influences into their system.The systems theory advanced by Hughes above employs the imprint of momentum which he defines as a combination of technological, organizational and attitudinal components this tends to maintain growth of the organizational system. Hughes also explains that the tendency to run into that a technological system proceeds well when the actions of the numerous stakeholders such as educational, regulative opportunities correspond with the work and culture of a particular technological system.This is an important, aspect in ensuring that technology relates well with the environment and society to achieve level best results (Hughes, 1989) The idea of systems theory can be summarized by Hughess approach which indicates that human managers control a variety of elements which should be geared towards victimization of the existing social environment, the technological system should resist alteration once it has incorporated all aspects of the environment, society and environment.The systems theory therefore shows that no technology should be treated in isolation as it is part of a bigger system. The family relationship surrounded by technology and the environment can be understood by the changes that have occurred in the ripening of the bicycle, this was a technological milestone in the transport industry, however there was need to ensure that the bicycle created was safe for all individuals, this called for the collection and incorporation of the various views from the opposite social groups in order to come up with the required item.In the 18th Century when the ox plough was being developed a number of social interestss needed to be addressed in order for it to be socially acceptable. This shows the relationship that Hughes shows in the relationship between technology and social life (McDermott, 1991). Technological momentum is a primordial aspect that Hughes advocates for as opposed to determinism and social constructionism. This will tend to immix the two and therefore creates a process that recognizes the different aspects of the environment that will have an effect on it.This involves giving due credit to socially shaped technologies as instruments of social change to achieve this historians are hash out to go beyond determination of social roots of technologies to discussing the social personal effects of the technologies advocated for (Hughes, 1989). Oppenheimer has achieved a status whereby he highlights the need to consider the innovativeness that is associated with technology, as it creates a sustainable society.People would not be more stable if they do things efficiently but a lot easier, this can only be achieved in the case of innovation. A number of historical occurrences prove the relationship between technology environment, social order and government. This tends to place things in the perspectives of Hughes, in agriculture the planning, construction and control of even the least of the technology controlled methods of irrigation would have involved some group effort and support from the government forces.The draining of swamps especially in the early mans time using technologies that are now considered outdated required social and political control to divert the water from the swamps (Misa, 1988). Thomas Hughes makes us think about technology and culture he addresses the idea of technology as expressed through the history of the word. There is a tendency of too many people understanding the sentiment too reductively thus masking the real concept that is hidden there under.Technology consists of acts rather than artifacts as expressed by the reductively idea individuals its constituted through the creative and critical thinking of people who want to make their life b etter through universe of new models. This is through technology and creation whereby America was transformed from the natural built environment to a human built environment. (Hughes, 1987). He attributes this to the hanker standing of Christian culture that gave meaning to the technology.This shows the value that has been attached to the relationship between culture, environment and technology. Technology as a machine has been a major factor in the address of the relationship it assumes with other influences. There is need to chart a new line in the development of attitudes that relate to the advancement of technologies. The type of technologies recognized are systems of electricity, communication and circle production, the kind of enthusiasm that is associated with this technology has been great and need societal focal point in order to control.The dangers to the environment that have arisen due to technology have also been examined this especially relates to the environment and limitation of its degradation. Stem cell research and cloning is an idea that best illustrates the need to ensure that relationships between science, technology and societal values are upheld. The technology behind cloning would have not been well received in the world if the aspect of morality and societal values would not have been incorporated.The technology involves altering the transmittable make up of an organism in order to improve its qualities, this goes against the beliefs in a number of societies. Racheal expounds on the need to ensure that the aspects of technology fits into the existing structures of the society and not the other way round, this will create a harmonious co-existence between technology and society. Technology as systems, controls, and information is a theme has also been addressed in the process of achieving the relationship between technology, environment and the society.This addresses the complexity that defined the engineering in America. Hughe s tends to focus slight on what the outsiders of the technological arena think about and concentrates more on the introduction of systems that will be more comprehensive. (Hughes, 1987). This is in the view of the issuing of counter cultural mechanisms that tends to control and regulate technological advancement. There is need for the development of ecotechnological environment that appreciates the different aspects of life in the world.Hughes in his books has called for the redesign of system in order to protect the environment and return them to their accredited form (Hughes, 1989) . This shows the kind of appreciation he attaches to the environment in relation to technology. An example is the call to U. S Army Corps Engineers to reengineer the region underpin to its original state in order to increase the condition of the water. Hughes also recognizes Companies that are socially and environmentally responsible even in their pursual for higher technological pursuits. Engineer ing relates to a larger cultural sphere.